. 2021 Dec 29;177(4):690–707. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24466

TABLE 3.

Cross tables and effect sizes for the association between the level of the iliac crest and the trajectory of the linea terminalis with respect to the presence of anomalies, anomaly type, and type of the lumbosacral border shift (numbers represent absolute numbers of specimens)

Anomaly presence	Iliac crest level				Linea terminalis trajectory
Anomaly presence	L4 center	L4 lower surface	L5 upper surface	L5 center	Upwards	Linear	Downwards	Total
Normal spine	13	34	33	5	4	70	11	85
Segmentation anomaly	12	14	19	15	14	30	16	60
Total	25	48	52	20	18	100	27	145
χ² statistics and effect size	χ² significance	Cramérs V	φ		χ² significance	Cramérs V	φ
χ² statistics and effect size	0.004	0.302	0.302		0.000	0.359	0.359

Anomaly type	Iliac crest level				Linea terminalis trajectory
Anomaly type	L4 center	L4 lower surface	L5 upper surface	L5 center	Upwards	Linear	Downwards	Total
Normal	13	34	33	5	4	70	11	85
TL	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1
LS	2	0	1	2	1	0	4	5
SC	3	11	8	6	3	21	4	28
Count	4	2	3	1	2	5	3	10
Multiple	3	1	7	5	8	3	5	16
Total	25	48	52	20	18	100	27	145
χ² statistics and effect size	χ² significance	Cramérs V	φ		χ² significance	Cramérs V	φ
χ² statistics and effect size	0.008	0.269	0.465		0.000	0.414	0.585

Type of lumbosacral border shift	Iliac crest level				Linea terminalis trajectory
Type of lumbosacral border shift	L4 center	L4 lower surface	L5 upper surface	L5 center	Upwards	Linear	Downwards	Total
Normal	20	46	44	13	8	97	18	123
Sacralization	6	0	1	0	0	1	6	7
Lumbarization	0	2	7	7	10	2	4	16
Total	25	48	52	20	18	100	27	145
χ² statistics and effect size	χ² significance	Cramérs V	φ		χ² significance	Cramérs V	φ
χ² statistics and effect size	0.000	0.374	0.529		0.000	0.483	0.683

Abbreviations: L4, fourth lumbar vertebra; L5, fifth lumbar vertebra; LS, lumbosacral; SC, sacrococcygeal; TL, thoracolumbar (see Figure 4 for explanation).