Table 1.
Plants and soil textures used in this study
| Mono‐/dicot (M/D) | Family | C3/4 | Root hairs | Plant age (day) | Leaf area (cm2) | Mean root length (cm) | Mean root length density (cm−3) | r 0 (cm) | Soil texture (bulk density, g cm−3) | References a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | M | Poaceae | C3 | + | 21–30 | 30–190 |
1531 9294 6971 3776 |
5.2 8 6 3.25 |
0.015 0.014 0.016 0.015 |
Loam (1.27) Clay loam (Una, 1.6) Clay loam (Re b , 1.3) Sand (Re b , 1.6) |
|
| Barley | M | Poaceae | C3 | ± | 21–28 | / |
3660 3310 |
3.35 3.71 |
0.016 (WT) 0.013 (Mut) |
Sandy loam (0.93) Red Chromosolb (0.9) |
Carminati et al. (2017) |
| Maize | M | Poaceae | C4 |
+ ± ± |
40–50 26–36 26–36 |
/250–350 |
28 000 2461 (WT) 2865 (Mut) 5414 (WT) 3764 (Mut) |
21.1 2.91 (WT) 3.38 (Mut) 6.39 (WT) 4.44 (Mut) |
0.06 0.019 (WT, Mut) 0.012 (WT, Mut) |
Sandy loam (1.4) Sand (1.47) Loam (1.26) |
Hayat et al. (2020) Cai et al. (2021) |
| Millet | M | Poaceae | C4 | + | 30–45 | 250–380 | 27 617 | 13.5 | 0.04 | Sandy loam (1.3) | Cai, Ahmed, Dippold, et al. (2020) |
| Tomato | D | Solanaceae | C3 | + |
22–30 22–30 30–40 |
846–1116 943–1145 960–2016 |
3700 (long root) c 1700 (short root) 7540 (normal) |
1.81 0.83 3.68 |
0.05 | Sandy loam (1.3) |
Abdalla, Ahmed, et al. (2021) Abdalla, Carminati, et al. (2021) |
Abbreviations: Mut, mutant; WT, wild type.
The data of wheat were extracted from the literature using the software WebPlotDigitizer (Rohatgi, 2020). The other data were obtained from the authors directly.
Un, undisturbed soil; Re, repacked soil.
Red chromosol is from southeast Australia and is characterized by a strong contrasting texture (including aggregates and macropores) with low bulk density (ca. 0.9 g cm−3).
‘Long root’, ‘short root’ and ‘normal’ were different phenotypes. Tomato with a long and short root system was grafted with an identical shoot.