Table 3.
Various processes/treatments used for the reduction of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV)
| Process or treatment | Country | Log10 reduction | Initial viral concentration | Viral concentration after treatment | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAP (Novel technology for inactivation of PMMoV in water) | Slovenia | ND | 3 min–4.90 × 105 | 1.26 × 105 | Filipić et al. (2021) |
| 5.29 × 105 | 5.92 × 104 | ||||
| 5.29 × 105 | 3.96 × 104 | ||||
| 5 min–4.90 × 105 | 1.08 × 105 | ||||
| 5.29 × 105 | 2.02 × 104 | ||||
| 5.29 × 105 | 1.36 × 104 | ||||
| Gas | Slovenia | ND | 5 min–5.05 × 105 | 5.07 × 105 | Filipić et al. (2021) |
| Bardenpho | US | > 2.7 ± 1.6 | ND | ND | Schmitz et al. (2016) |
| Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) | Tucson, Arizona | EW-008A–5.8 | ND | ND | Morrison et al. (2020) |
| WR-398A–5.8 | |||||
| WR-069B > 6.2 | |||||
| Thermal treatment | Japan | 60 °C–1.1-Log10 | ND | ND | Shirasaki et al. (2020) |
| Coagulation sedimentation, Ozonation | Japan | 2.38 ± 0.74 | ND | ND | Kato et al. (2018) |
| 1.91 ± 1.18 | |||||
| Coagulation sedimentation | Bangkok | Rainy season–0.40 ± 0.17 log10 | ND | ND | Asami et al. (2016) |
| Dry season–1.61 ± log10 | |||||
| Bench-scale coagulation sedimentation and rapid sand filtration processes | Japan | ND | ND | Kato et al. (2018) | |
| Before typhoon | 1.96 ± 0.30 log10 | ||||
| During typhoon | 0.26 ± 0.38 log10 | ||||
| Activated sludge | Germany | 1.7–3.7 | ND | ND | Hamza et al. (2011) |
| Sequential batch reactor (SBR) | Vietnam | 0.92 | ND | ND | Kuroda et al. (2015) |
ND not done; EW production well; WR monitoring well