Fig. 4.

Patterns of stalk investment in the presence of by-product enforcement caused by transdifferentiation. (A) The pattern of investment predicted by the model in the absence of transdifferentiation and with transdifferentiation in groups composed of either two strains or N strains (where all N strains are at equal frequency, making the relatedness of each to the group 1/N). Note that, when a strain has very low relatedness to the group, the level of stalk investment they make is much lower when they are in a two-strain group (where their partner strain necessarily has high relatedness) than in groups containing N strains (where all N have the same low relatedness). (B) The empirically measured level of collective investment (where data points match those shown in Fig. 3) with the model predicted investment for the best fit measure of transdifferentiation (where D = 0.15) where the remaining model parameters correspond to those fitted without transdifferentiation (see Fig. 3A).