TABLE 2.

Clinical characteristics of participants with type 1 diabetes in included studies

Study	Diabetes duration, mean ± SD y	Insulin therapy, mean ± SD dose U/kg/day	HbA1c, % (mmol/mol)
El‐Asrar et al. 2016 17	8.2 ± 1.7	1.7 ± 0.32	8.5 (69)
El Dayem et al. 2018 15	10.9 ± 3.5 a	1.26 ± 0.44 a	9.3 (78)
Ersoy et al. 2015 16	NR	NR	NR
Harrington et al. 2010 18	5.4 ± 3.8	0.96 ± 0.3	8.6 (70)
Jarvisalo et al. 2001 23	4.4 ± 3.1	0.95 ± 0.24	8.8 (73)
Lilje et al. 2017 22	5.8 ± 4.3	NR	9.7 (83)
Maftei et al. 2014 21	6.7 ± 3.7	NR	8.5 (69)
Pena et al. 2016 19	5.9 ± 4.2	NR (15 used continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion)	8.6 (70)
Zhang et al. 2019 20	4.7 ± 2.4	1.03 ± 0.91	7.8 (62)

^a data extracted from secondary study (El Dayem et al. 2016).

Abbreviations: NR, not reported; y, years.