Fig. 1.

R399 enhances cell growth while INT-777 inhibits cell growth and promotes apoptosis GPBAR dependently in NSCLC in vitro. (A) H1299 cells transfected with scramble siRNA (siCTRL) and siGPBAR-2 were treated with different concentrations of the indicated GPBAR agonists or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 72 h (n = 6). Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. (B–D) H1299 cells were treated with DMSO, DCA (80 μM), INT-777 (2 μM), and R399 (700 nM) for 24 h, respectively (n = 3). Apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry analysis (B) and TUNEL staining (C). Cleaved-PARP1 (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1) and Cleaved Caspase-3 were detected by Western blot (D). All data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 based on the Student’s t-test. CTRL, control; siCTRL, small interfering control; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated; GCA, glycocholic acid; ns, not significant; PI, propidium iodide; TCA, taurocholic acid; TDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid.