Table 1.
Characteristics of the included 40 articles.
| No. | Author (year) | Country/Region | Study Design | Population (Sample Size) | Wearable Technology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Alavi et al. (2021) | United States/America | Prospective cohort study | COVID-19 +ve and -ve individuals and untested individuals (N = 3316) | Fitbit, Apple watch |
| 2. | Bogu and Snyder (2021) | United States/America | Retrospective cohort study | COVID-19 +ve and -ve individuals and untested individuals and healthy individuals (N = 106) | Fitbit |
| 3. | Brakenhoff et al. (2021) | The Netherlands/Europe | Clinical trial registered protocol | Residents of Netherlands (N = 20,000) | Ava |
| 4. | Choi (2021) | United States/America | Prospective cohort study | Students at the University (N = 2, 494) | Fitbit, TempTraq |
| 5. | Choi (2021) | United States/America | Prospective cohort study | Healthcare workers at Michigan Medicine (N = 226) | Fitbit |
| 6. | Chung et al (2020) | China/Asia | Prospective cohort study | Healthcare professionals and college students in quarantine (N = 287) | HEARThermo |
| 7. | Cislo et al (2021) | United States/America | Prospective cohort study | College students at the University of Michigan (N = 2158) | Fitbit |
| 8. | Cleary et al (2021) | United States/America | Prospective cohort study | COVID-19 +ve and -ve medical interns (N = 105) | Fitbit, Apple watch |
| 9. | Clingan et al (2021) | United States/America | Observational study protocol | Healthcare workers at Michigan Medicine (N = 226) | Fitbit, TempTraq |
| 10. | ClinOne (2021) | United States/America | Clinical trial registered protocol | All adult subjects seeking a COVID-19 test (N = 2352) | BioSticker (BioIntelliSense) |
| 11. | D’Haese et al (2021) | United States/America | Pilot study | Front-line healthcare workers (N = 867) | Oura |
| 12. | Evidation Health (2020) | United States/America | Clinical trial registered protocol | Adult participants (ages 18+) (N = 847) | Empatica E4 |
| 13. | Gadaleta et al. (2021) | United States/America | Prospective cohort study | Participants with self-reported result for a COVID-19 swab test (N = 1131) | Fitbit, Apple watch |
| 14. | Gielen et al (2021) | United States/America | Case report | Biostrap users who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2) (N = 2) | Biostrap |
| 15. | Hassantabar et al. (2021) | Italy/Europe | Retrospective cohort study | Healthy individuals, COVID-19 positive individuals (N = 87) | Empatica E4 |
| 16. | Hirten et al. (2021) | United States/America | Prospective observational study | COVID-19 +ve and -ve health care workers (N = 297) | Apple watch |
| 17. | Hung (2020) | China/Asia | Clinical trial registered protocol | Asymptomatic subjects with close COVID-19 contact (N = 200-1000) | Everion |
| 18. | Imperial College London (2020) | United Kingdom/Europe | Clinical trial registered protocol | Returning traveler from airport with mild symptoms of Covid-19 (N = 200) | SensiumVitals |
| 19. | Iqbal et al. (2021) | United Kingdom/Europe | Pilot study | Individuals arriving to London with mild suspected COVID-19 symptoms (N = 14) | SensiumVitals |
| 20. | Jayaraman (2020) | United States/America | Clinical trial registered protocol | Individuals who may have experienced COVID-19 like symptoms (N = 100) | ADAM sensor |
| 21. | King's College London (2020) | United Kingdom/Europe | Clinical trial registered protocol | Healthy healthcare workers who work in high-risk COVID-19 areas (N = 60) | Empatica E4 |
| 22. | Liu et al (2021) | Not reported/Europe | Retrospective cohort study | Participants with multiple sclerosis with COVID-19 symptoms (N = 87) | Fitbit |
| 23. | Lonini et al (2020) | United States/America | Pilot study | Inpatient and home-quarantining COVID +ve individuals and healthy individuals (N = 29) | Soft-wearable |
| 24. | Miller et al (2020) | Australia/Oceania | Retrospective cohort study | Individuals with COVID-19 +ve (N = 271) | WHOOP |
| 25. | Mishra et al. (2020) | United states/North America | Retrospective cohort study | Participants with COVID-19 diagnosis (N = 125) | Fitbit |
| 26. | Natarajan et al. (2020) | United States/America | Retrospective cohort study | Subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 (N = 2, 745) | Fitbit |
| 27. | Nestor et al. (2021) | United States/America | Retrospective cohort study | Influenza individuals and COVID-19 +ve individuals (N = 32,198) | Fitbit |
| 28. | Polsky and Moraveji (2021) | United States/America | Case reports | Patients with COVID-19 (N = 3) | Health Tags (Spire Health) |
| 29. | Quer et al (2021) | United States/America | Prospective cohort study | COVID-19 +ve and -ve individuals and untested individuals (N = 30, 529) | Fitbit, Apple watch |
| 30. | Sarwar and Agu (2021) | United States/America | Retrospective cohort study | COVID-19 positive individuals (N = 20) | Fitbit |
| 31. | Scripps Translational Science Institute (2020) | United States/America | Clinical trial registered protocol | United States residents with any connected wearable devices (N = 100,000) | Fitbit, Apple watch, Garmin Vivosmart 4, Oura, |
| 32. | Shapiro et al (2020) | United States/America | Retrospective cohort study | Participants with self-reported diagnosed COVID-19 cases, non-COVID-19 flu cases and pre-COVID-19 flu (N = 1, 352) | Fitbit |
| 33. | Skibinska et al (2021) | United States/North America | Retrospective cohort study | COVID-19 cases, healthy controls, influenza cases (N = 68) | Fitbit |
| 34. | Smarr et al. (2020) | United States, United Kingdom, Finland, Austria, Canada, Germany, Honduras, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden/America and Europe | Retrospective cohort study | Subjects that reported covid-19 infections (N = 50) | Oura |
| 35. | The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (2020) | United Kingdom/Europe | Clinical trial registered protocol | Patients with solid tumour or haematological malignancy diagnosis who present with symptoms suspicious for Covid-19 who the admitting clinicians deems appropriate for outpatient management (N = 30) | Patient Status Engine (Lifetouch and Lifetemp) |
| 36. | Wendel et al (2021) | United States/America | A cross-sectional study | Medical professionals in 1A and 1B vaccination phases at the UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital (N = 290) | BioButton (BioIntelliSense) |
| 37. | Wong et al. (2020) | China/Asia | Clinical trial registered protocol | Asymptomatic subjects with close COVID-19 contact under mandatory quarantine (N = 200-1000) | Everion |
| 38. | Xu (2020) | United States/America | Clinical trial registered protocol | Healthy adults and adults exposed to or diagnosed with COVID-19 (N = 324) | ANNE One (ANNE Limb and ANNE Chest) |
| 39. | Zargaran et al (2020) | United Kingdom/Europe | Prospective observational trial | Healthcare workers in high-risk areas for COVID-19 (N = 60) | Empatica E4 |
| 40. | Zhu et al (2020) | China, Italy, Spain, Germany and France/Asia and Europe | Retrospective cohort study | Huami device users who wore Huami device from July 1, 2017, to April 8, 2020 (N = 1.3 million) | Huami/Amazfit |
Note. RCT = randomised controlled trial, +ve = Postive; -ve = Negative