Table 4.

Associations between child diet and child development among children 36–59 months of age in 15 low-income and middle-income countries*

	Overall development off-track		Cognitive development off-track		Socioemotional development off-track		Literacy-numeracy development off-track		Physical development off-track
	Unadjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Unadjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Unadjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Unadjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Adjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Unadjusted relative risk (95% CI)	Adjusted relative risk (95% CI)
Dietary diversity score (0–7)	0.92 (0.89 to 0.95)	0.98 (0.95 to 1.02)	0.92 (0.90 to 0.94)	0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)	1.01 (1.00 to 1.03)	1.02 (1.00 to 1.04)	0.97 (0.96 to 0.98)	0.99 (0.99 to 1.00)	0.94 (0.90 to 0.98)	0.99 (0.95 to 1.03)
Minimum dietary diversity (≥4 food groups)	0.70 (0.59 to 0.83)	0.92 (0.78 to 1.09)	0.65 (0.58 to 0.74)	0.91 (0.80 to 1.03)	1.02 (0.93 to 1.11)	1.04 (0.95 to 1.14)	0.86 (0.83 to 0.89)	0.97 (0.95 to 1.00)	0.88 (0.73 to 1.05)	0.98 (0.81 to 1.19)
Consumed animal source foods	0.8 (0.71 to 0.89)	0.97 (0.87 to 1.10)	0.79 (0.72 to 0.86)	1.01 (0.93 to 1.09)	1.04 (0.97 to 1.11)	1.05 (0.98 to 1.12)	0.93 (0.91 to 0.95)	0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)	0.94 (0.82 to 1.09)	1.02 (0.89 to 1.18)

*All models applied country-specific cluster variables and sampling weights. Adjusted estimates controlled for household wealth, rurality, size, access to improved sanitation and access to improved water source; maternal age, education and marital status; stimulation; child age, sex and attendance of an early childhood education programme and country and survey year.