Table 1.

Characteristics of the included randomized controlled studies

Original reference	Belizán et al. 32	Levine et al. 33	Crowther et al. 34	Villar et al. 35	Goldberg et al. 23				Diogenes et al. 36
Country, year	Argentina, years not stated	The United States (CPEP trial), years not stated	Australia (Australian Calcium Trial), 1992−1996	Egypt (subset study of the WHO trial), 2001−2003	The Gambia, 1995−2000				Brazil, 2009−2011
Number of originally randomized (Ca/placebo), setting	593/601, selected private hospital (309/305)	2295/2294, selected university center (497 in all)	227/229, five maternity hospitals	700 in all, 200 eligible for follow‐up, one maternity center	330/332, 16 rural villages				43/41, adolescents
Daily dose of calcium and vit. D	2000 mg Ca	2000 mg Ca	1800 mg Ca	1500 mg Ca	1500 mg Ca				600 mg Ca + 200 IU vit. D
Calcium started	20 weeks of gestation	13−21 weeks of gestation	20 weeks of gestation	20 weeks of gestation	20 weeks of gestation				26 weeks of gestation
Original/primary outcome	Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy	Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy	Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery	Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preterm delivery	Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and infant growth during the first year (secondary outcome)				Maternal bone mass and bone‐ and calcium‐related hormones during lactation
Offspring outcome reference	Belizán et al. 24	Hatton et al. 25	Hiller et al. 26	Abdel‐Aleem et al. 27	Goldberg et al. 23	Hawkesworth et al. 29	Ward et al. 30	Prentice et al. 31	Diogenes et al. 28
n (Ca/placebo)	257/261	3 months: 130/130 2 years: 35/18	91/88	6 months: 17/25 9 months: 44/39 12 months: 17/17	257/263	179/171	223/224	141/149	30/26
Offspring age	5−9 years	3 months, 2 years	4−7 years	6, 9, and 12 months	2, 13, and 52 weeks	5−10 years	8−12 years	5−10 years	5 weeks
Offspring outcomes
‐ BP	BP	BP	BP			BP
‐ Height/weight	Height/weight			Length/weight	Length/weight	Height/weight	Height/weight	Height/weight,	Length/weight
‐ MUAC				MUAC	MUAC		MUAC	MUAC
‐ Skinfold thickness					TST		TST	TST
‐ Lean mass							Lean mass
‐ HC				HC	HC
‐ Other	BMI			Fetal growth		BMI, fat mass index, and trunk fat	HAZ, fat mass, and bone measurements	BMI, IGF1, IGFBP3, leptin, insulin, and Ca‐related indices	Bone measurements

BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; Ca, calcium; HAZ, height‐associated Z‐score; HC, head circumference; MUAC, mid‐upper arm circumference; TST, triceps skinfold thickness.