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. 2022 Jul 21;12:10005. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13671-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Large carnivore recoveries and associations with conservation actions. (A) Geographic variation in the number of large carnivore recoveries, defined as an increasing population trend or improvement in status since initial IUCN assessment (cumulatively, recovery metrics). IUCN range maps of species meeting either criterion were overlaid, and color indicates the absolute number of recovering species in each 5 km cell. (B) For IUCN-defined ‘Conservation actions in-place,’ the change in the log-odds of showing an increasing trend for species subject to each conservation action (see Table S5 for definitions). Points to the right of the dashed vertical line (black) indicate a significant positive association, Gray points indicate that confidence intervals overlap zero. Parameter estimates are coefficients of a binomial logistic regression model (with all other conservation actions included), 95% confidence intervals (thin lines), and 90% confidence intervals (thick lines). (C) For author-defined conservation actions (see “Methods”, Table S5), the change in the log-odds of a positive outcome of either recovery metrics. Not shown: IUCN-defined actions and improved status (significant positive associations: International Legislation and Harvest Plan).