Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included
| Study | Country | Study design | Mean MA (years) | Mean GA (weeks) | Depression scale | Depression (%) | Sample size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnant (%) | Postpartum (%) | Total (%) | |||||||
| Ahlers-Schmidt et al. [18] (2020) | USA | Cohort | 25.3 | - | Diagnosis (58-item electronic survey) | - | - | 9 (7.9) | 114 |
| An et al. [19] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | 30.39 | - | EPDS (≥10) | 0 | 119 (56.9) | 119 (56.9) | 209 |
| Basu et al. [20] (2021) | 64 countries | Cross-sectional | 31.3 | PHQ-4 (≥6) | 1,775 (31) | 363 (30.7) | 2,138 (31.0) | 6,894 | |
| Berthelot et al. [21] (2020) | Canada | Cohort | 29.27 | 24.8 | K10 (≥30) | 30 (2.38) | - | 30 (2.38) | 1,258 |
| Brik et al. [22] (2021) | Spain | Cohort | 32.3 | - | EPDS (≥10) | 62 (38) | - | 62 (38) | 164 |
| Ceulemans et al. [23] (2021) | Ireland, Norway, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and UK | Cross-sectional | - | - | EDS (≥13) | 533 | 592 | 1,125 | 8,087 |
| Chrzan-Dętkoś et al. [24] (2021) | Poland | Cross-sectional | 31.74 | 38.88 | EPDS (≥10) | 0 | 65 (83.32) | 65 (83.32) | 78 |
| Dong et al. [25] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | - | - | SDS (>50) | 79 (50.6) | 0 | 79 (50.6) | 156 |
| Durankuş et al. [26] (2020) | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 29.56 | 7.04 | EPDS (≥13) | 92 (35.4) | 0 | 92 (35.4) | 260 |
| Fallon et al. [27] (2021) | UK | Cross-sectional | 30.9 | - | EPDS (≥13) | 0 | 264 (43) | 264 (43) | 614 |
| Farewell et al. [28] (2020) | USA | Mixed-method pilot | - | - | PHQ-2 (≥3) | - | - | 3 (12) | 27 |
| Farrell et al. [29] (2020) | Qatar | Cross-sectional | 30.5 | 26.1 | PHQ-9 (≥5) | - | - | 113 (39.2) | 288 |
| Gur et al. [30] (2020) | USA | Cross-sectional | 32.45 | 24.86 | PHQ-2 (>2) | 78 (9.9) | 0 | 78 (9.9) | 787 |
| Hiiragi et al. [31] (2021) | Japan | Retrospective cohort | - | - | EPDS (≥9) | 0 | 38 (14) | 38 (14) | 279 |
| Hui et al. [32] (2021) | Hong Kong | Retrospective cohort | 33.1 | - | EPDS (≥10) | 0 | 133 (14.4) | 133 (14.4) | 954 |
| Janevic et al. [33] (2021) | USA | Cross-sectional | - | - | PHQ-2 (3–6) | 0 | 13 (5.83) | 13 (5.83) | 223 |
| Jiang et al. [34] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | 29 | - | EDS (≥10) | 859 (45.9) | 0 | 859 (45.9) | 1,873 |
| Khamees et al. [35] (2021) | Egypt | Cross-sectional | 25.08 | 6.58 | EPDS (≥14) | 53 (44.2) | 0 | 53 (44.2) | 120 |
| King et al. [36] (2021) | USA | Cohort | 33.69 | 26.79 | EPDS (≥11) | 144 (42) | 0 | 144 (42) | 343 |
| Lebel et al. [37] (2020) | Canada | Cross-sectional | 32.4 | 22.5 | EPDS (≥13) | 653 (37) | 0 | 653 (37) | 1,764 |
| Li et al. [38] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | 30.19 | - | PHQ-9 (≥5) | - | - | 778 (35.34) | 2,201 |
| Li et al. [39] (2020) | China | Cross-sectional | - | - | PHQ-9 (≥5) | 29 (64.4) | 0 | 29 (64.4) | 45 |
| Liang et al. [40] (2020) | China | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS (≥10) | 0 | 253 (30) | 253 (30) | 845 |
| Lin et al. [41] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | 30.51 | - | PHQ-9 (≥5) | 266 (35.4) | 0 | 266 (35.4) | 751 |
| Liu et al. [42] (2021) | USA | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS (>13) | 260 (36.4) | 0 | 260 (36.4) | 715 |
| Lubián López et al. [43] (2021) | Spain | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS (>10) | 182 (35.4) | 0 | 182 (35.4) | 514 |
| Matsushima and Horiguchi [44] (2022) | Japan | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS (≥13) | 303 (17) | 0 | 303 (17) | 1,777 |
| Medina-Jimenez et al. [45] (2020) | Mexico | Cross-sectional | 28.1 | 27.9 | EPDS (≥14) | 88 (17.5) | 0 | 88 (17.5) | 503 |
| Mo et al. [46] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | - | - | PHQ-9 (≥5) | 1,989 (48.7) | 0 | 1,989 (48.7) | 4,087 |
| Molgora et al. [47] (2020) | Italy | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS (≥13) | 133 | 49 | 182 (31.65) | 575 |
| Ng et al. [48] (2020) | Singapore | Cross-sectional | 31.8 | - | DASS-21 (>9) | 59 (18.4) | 0 | 59 (18.4) | 324 |
| Nodoushan et al. [49] (2020) | Iran | Cross-sectional | - | 39.4 | DASS | 220 (39.2) | 0 | 220 (39.2) | 560 |
| Obata et al. [50] (2021) | Japan | Cross-sectional | - | 23.3 | EPDS (≥9) | 1,608 (31.83) | 867 | 2,475 (31.83) | 7,775 |
| Oskovi-Kaplan et al. [51] (2021) | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 26 | - | EPDS (≥13) | 0 | 33 (14.79) | 33 (14.79) | 223 |
| Ostacoli et al. [52] (2020) | Italy | Cross-sectional | 34.77 | - | EPDS (≥11) | 0 | 72 (44.2) | 72 (44.2) | 163 |
| Pariente et al. [53] (2020) | Israel | Cohort | 29.1 | - | EPDS (≥10) | 0 | 38 (23.5) | 52 (23.5) | 223 |
| Perzow et al. [54] (2021) | USA | Prospective cohort | 31.81 | - | EPDS (≥10) | - | - | 45 (33.3) | 135 |
| Racine et al. [55] (2021) | Canada | Prospective cohort | - | - | CES-D-10 (≥10) | 458 (35.21) | - | 458 (35.21) | 1,301 |
| Sade et al. [56] (2020) | Israel | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS (≥10) | 84 (25) | - | 21 (25) | 84 |
| Silverman et al. [57] (2020) | New York, USA | Cohort | 27 | 27.3 | EPDS (≥9) | - | 97 (18.8) | 97 (18.8) | 516 |
| Suárez-Rico et al. [58] (2021) | Mexico | Cross-sectional | 29.9 | EPDS (≥13) | - | 115 (39.2) | 115 (39.2) | 293 | |
| Sun et al. [59] (2020) | Wuhan, China | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS | 234 (31.7) | 714 (34.1) | 972 (33.71) | 2,830 |
| Kahyaoglu Sut and Kucukkaya [60] (2021) | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 28.2 | - | HADS-D (≥8) | 227 (56.3) | - | 227 (56.3) | 403 |
| Thayer et al. [61] (2021) | USA | Cross-sectional | - | - | EPDS (≥15) | 496 (23.6) | - | 496 (23.6) | 2,099 |
| Tsakiridis et al. [62] (2021) | Greece | Cross-sectional | - | 25.4 | EPDS (≥13) | 68 (13.5) | - | 68 (13.5) | 505 |
| Wang et al. [5] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | - | - | PHQ-9 (>5) | 6,723 (43.6) | - | 6,723 (43.6) | 15,328 |
| Wu et al. [63] (2020) | China | Cross-sectional | - | 39.41 | EPDS (≥10) | 381 (29.6) | - | 381 (29.6) | 1,285 |
| Xu et al. [64] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | 30.4 | - | EPDS (≥10) | 44 (16.1) | - | 44 (16.1) | 274 |
| Yang et al. [65] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | - | - | PHQ-9 (≥5) | 8,712 (44.6) | - | 8,712 (44.6) | 19,515 |
| Zanardo et al. [66] (2020) | Northeastern Italy | Case–control | 33.73 | - | EPDS (>12) | - | 26 (28.6) | 26 (28.6) | 91 |
| Zeng et al. [68] (2020) | China | Cross-sectional | 29.2 | - | EPDS | 109 (21.12) | 11 (10.1) | 625 (19.2) | 625 |
| Zhang et al. [67] (2020) | China | Cross-sectional | 28.9 | - | EPDS (≥10) | 1,094 (58) | - | 1,094 (58) | 1,901 |
| Zhou et al. [69] (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | 29.95 | - | PHQ-9 | 527 (41.63) | - | 527 (41.63) | 1,266 |
| Zilver et al. [70] (2021) | The Netherlands | Cohort | 32.02 | - | HADS-D (≥8) | 145 (13.2) | - | 145 (13.2) | 1,102 |
MA, maternal age; GA, gestational age; EPDS, edinburgh postnatal depression scale; PHQ, patient health questionnaire; K-10, kessler psychological distress scale; EDS, Edinburgh depression scale; SDS, self-depression rating scale; DASS, depression anxiety and stress scale; CES-D-10, the 10 item center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression.