Table 2.

Criteria of the new Ottawa scale scoring

	Score
1. Validated measure
Was the measure of depression or anxiety clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?	0=no, 1=yes
2. Peer review
Was the study published in a journal (i.e., peer reviewed)	0=no (unpublished), 1=yes
3. Response rate
Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? measured consistently across participants?	0=no, 1=yes
4. Objectivity of measure
Does the study rely on self-report of depression or anxiety symptoms, or does it use an objective measure (i.e., diagnostic interview)?	0=self-report, 1=diagnostic interview
5. Exposure time
Was the measurement time frame of anxiety or depression sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between COVID-19 and any symptoms if they existed (i.e., at least one week since the onset of COVID-19 in the country in which the study was conducted)?	0=no, 1=yes
6. Representativeness of the sample
Was the sample truly representative of the target population?	0=no, 1=yes

Adapted from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale for cross-sectional studies.