TABLE 1.
TLS features in human cancers and effects on prognosis and/or therapy.
| Tumor | TLS features | Effect on prognosis and/or therapy | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| NSCLC | Mature DC (DC-LAMP+) | ↑ OS | (Dieu-Nosjean et al., 2008; Germain et al., 2014; Goc et al., 2014; Singhal et al., 2016) |
| Th1 CD3+ CD4+ | Mature DC not detected in metastasis | ||
| CD3+CD8+ T cells | |||
| B cells Ki67+, plasmacells | |||
| Neutrophils (APC-like) | |||
| Breast cancer | nd | Association with higher tumor grade | (Figenschau et al., 2015; Sofopoulos et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2021) |
| ↑ Treg | ↑ risk of recurrence and death | (Gobert et al., 2009; Miao et al., 2021; Song et al., 2019) | |
| ↑ B cells, ↓ Treg | ↑ OS | (Germain et al., 2021) | |
| Ovarian cancer (HGSC) | Plasmacells | nd | (Kroeger et al., 2016) |
| CD8+ T cells | |||
| Neutrophils | nd | (Montfort et al., 2017) | |
| Prostate cancer | ↑ Th1, CD8+ | Association with spontaneous remission | (Garcia-Hernandez et al., 2017) |
| ↓ Treg | |||
| Colon cancer | Tfh | nd | (Schweiger et al., 2016) |
| FDC and GC B cells | ↓ risk of recurrence with mature TLS | (Posch et al., 2018) | |
| ↑ Th2 and macrophages | ↑ risk of recurrence | (Yamaguchi et al., 2020) | |
| ↑ Tfr (Bcl6+) | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | Intratumoral localization with Th1-Th17 signature | ↑ OS and DFS | (Hiraoka et al., 2015) |
| Gastric cancer | ↑ eTreg PD-1hi | Disease progression upon nivolumab tx | (Kamada et al., 2019) |
| HCC | ↑ T CD8+, B cells | ↓ risk of early tumor recurrence | (Li et al., 2020) |
| ↓ Treg |
NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease free survival; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; nd, not determined; HGSC, high grade serous cancer; APC, antigen presenting cell; eTreg, effector Treg.