FIGURE 3.

Pressure and flow wave separation analysis for two study participants from the Q1 (A) and the Q4 (B) groups. Pressure and flow wave separation analysis in a patient with an early (transit time 0.041 s, reflection magnitude 66%, panels A1,A2) and a late reflection wave arrival (transit time 0.167 s, reflection magnitude 49%, B1,B2) with the same AVA (0.55 cm²). Early reflection arrival is associated with a much more prominent deceleration of the aortic flow due to the backward wave and a decreased SV (A2 vs. B2, 47 ml vs 68 ml accordingly). In addition, early arrival is associated with increased aortic pressure during systole, with left ventricular pressure being comparable between the two patients (A1 vs. B1).