TABLE 2.
Invasive and echocardiographic parameters according to the BWTT quartiles.
| Backward wave transit time | P-value | ||||
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| Q1 (n = 87) | Q2 (n = 88) | Q3 (n = 88) | Q4 (n = 88) | ||
| Invasive hemodynamics | |||||
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| Heart rate (bpm) | 76 ± 14 | 75 ± 12 | 76 ± 12 | 75 ± 14 | 0.916 |
| Ejection duration (ms) | 414 ± 55 | 408 ± 50 | 417 ± 53 | 401 ± 51 | 0.184 |
| Cardiac output (lt/min) | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (lt/min/m2) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0.003 |
| Cardiac output normalized for height (lt/min/m) | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume (ml) | 50.4 ± 14.8 | 54.4 ± 17.3 | 53.6 ± 17.1 | 61.1 ± 19.1 | 0.001 |
| Stroke volume index (ml/m2) | 28.4 ± 7.6 | 30.4 ± 8.1 | 29.6 ± 7.8 | 32.7 ± 8.5 | 0.004 |
| Stroke volume normalized for height (ml/m3) | 30.7 ± 8.7 | 33.4 ± 9.9 | 32.1 ± 9.6 | 36.6 ± 10.7 | 0.001 |
| Mean flow rate (ml/s) | 123 ± 37 | 135 ± 45 | 129 ± 43 | 153 ± 47 | <0.001 |
| LV max pressure (mmHg, n = 346) | 171 ± 29 | 168 ± 29 | 166 ± 32 | 165 ± 30 | 0.630 |
| LV end-diastolic pressure (mmHg, n = 346) | 18 ± 7 | 16 ± 8 | 17 ± 7 | 17 ± 9 | 0.694 |
| Aortic SBP (mmHg) | 132 ± 26 | 123 ± 25 | 122 ± 25 | 117 ± 26 | 0.001 |
| Aortic MBP (mmHg) | 85 ± 15 | 76 ± 15 | 80 ± 16 | 78 ± 16 | 0.009 |
| Aortic DBP (mmHg) | 55 ± 11 | 51 ± 11 | 54 ± 12 | 53 ± 12 | 0.089 |
| Aortic PP (mmHg) | 77 ± 22 | 72 ± 21 | 68 ± 23 | 63 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| Ventricular-aortic pressure gradient (AUC, mmHg*s, n = 343) | 11.8 ± 5.7 | 13.8 ± 6.4 | 14.5 ± 6.7 | 14.3 ± 6.7 | 0.027 |
| Ventricular-aortic pressure gradient (peak, mmHg, n = 346) | 38 ± 17 | 45 ± 22 | 45 ± 21 | 48 ± 22 | 0.012 |
| Ventricular-aortic pressure gradient (mean, mmHg, n = 343) | 28 ± 13 | 34 ± 15 | 35 ± 15 | 35 ± 15 | 0.011 |
| Zva (mmHg/ml/m2, n = 345) | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 6.0 ± 1.9 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | 0.006 |
| AVA (Gorlin, cm2, n = 341) | 0.58 ± 0.35 | 0.56 ± 0.21 | 0.54 ± 0.21 | 0.61 ± 0.22 | 0.303 |
| PAP mean (mmHg) | 26 ± 10 | 25 ± 9 | 27 ± 11 | 26 ± 11 | 0.466 |
| Wedge pressure (mmHg) | 15 ± 8 | 14 ± 7 | 15 ± 8 | 15 ± 8 | 0.296 |
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| Echocardiographic parameters | |||||
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| Transvalvular max pressure gradient (mmHg) | 63.9 ± 20.1 | 68. ± 19.4 | 71.7 ± 24.2 | 75.9 ± 22.9 | 0.003 |
| Transvalvular mean pressure gradient (mmHg) | 37.6 ± 12.7 | 40.2 ± 12.6 | 42.4 ± 14.7 | 44.8 ± 14.7 | 0.005 |
| Transvalvular max velocity (cm/s) | 395 ± 64 | 410 ± 60 | 418 ± 72 | 430 ± 65 | 0.005 |
| Ejection duration (ms) | 343 ± 45 | 337 ± 47 | 345 ± 47 | 330 ± 44 | 0.123 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 62.5 [50–65] | 62.5 [50–65] | 61.3 [48.8–62.5] | 62.5 [53.1–64.4] | 0.485 |
| AVA (continuity equation, cm2) | 0.75 ± 0.21 | 0.75 ± 0.2 | 0.70 ± 0.21 | 0.72 ± 0.17 | 0.255 |
| LV mass (g, n = 346) | 189 ± 59 | 200 ± 67 | 206 ± 71 | 231 ± 70 | <0.001 |
| End diastolic LV diameter (cm) | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 0.041 |
| Aortic regurgitation (≥moderate) | 3 (3.4) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (3.4) | 6 (6.8) | 0.447 |
| Mitral regurgitation (≥moderate) | 7 (8) | 3 (3.4) | 2 (2.3) | 8 (9.1) | 0.135 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation (≥moderate) | 11 (12.6) | 2 (2.3) | 4 (4.5) | 5 (5.7) | 0.031 |
Continuous variables expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are expressed in absolute counts and (percentages). P-values obtained by ANOVA or Chi-Square test.
LV, left ventricle; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MBP, mean blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; AUC, area under the curve; Zva, valvulo-arterial impedance; AVA, aortic valve area; PAP m, mean pulmonary artery pressure; BSA, body surface area.