Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Total population (N = 20) | IVC at baseline ≤21 mm (N = 10) | IVC at baseline >21 mm (N = 10) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and medical history | ||||
| Age, years | 80.0 (72.5–84.5) | 82.0 (68.0–85.0) | 78.0 (74.0–83.0) | 0.705 |
| Male, n (%) | 12 (60.0) | 5 (50.0) | 7 (70.0) | 0.650 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 17 (85.0) | 9 (90.0) | 8 (80.0) | 1.000 |
| NYHA class, n (%) II |
5 (25.0) | 5 (50.0) | 0 | |
| III | 15 (75.0) | 5 (50.0) | 10 (100.0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 13 (65.0) | 7 (70.0) | 6 (60.0) | 1.000 |
| Weight, Kg | 83.0 (77.4–89.5) | 80.2 (77.3–89.0) | 85.4 (77.5–89.9) | 0.597 |
| COPD, n (%) | 3 (15.0) | 1 (10.0) | 2 (20.0) | 1.000 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 14 (70.0) | 8 (80.0) | 6 (60.0) | 0.628 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 15 (75.0) | 6 (60.0) | 9 (90.0) | 0.303 |
| Vital signs and physical examination | ||||
| SBP, mmHg | 127 (110–138) | 123 (102–137) | 129 (112–140) | 0.406 |
| DBP, mmHg | 70.5 (62.5 −75.5) | 69.5 (65–73) | 71 (60–78) | 0.597 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 73.5 (64–2) | 68.5 (62–75) | 81 (70–86) | 0.059 |
| Peripheral edema, n (%) | ||||
| 1+ (slight) | 2 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | |
| 2+ (moderate) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 3+ (marked) 12 (60.0) | 6 (60.0) | 6 (60.0) | ||
| 4+ (serious) | 3 (15.0) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (30.0) | |
| Pleural effusion, n (%) | 3 (15.0) | 1 (10.0) | 2 (20.0) | 1.00 |
| Jugular engorgement, n (%) | 15 (75.0) | 5 (50.0) | 10 (100.0) | 0.033 |
| Lower limb perimeter, cm | 27.5 (25.5 – 29.5) | 26.8 (25.0 – 29.0) | 28.0 (26.0 – 29.5) | 0.438 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF, % | 51.5 (36–60) | 55 (37–60) | 48 (35–60) | 0.678 |
| PASP, mmHg | 44.5 (35–50) | 39.5 (35–45) | 50 (35–52) | 0.109 |
| TAPSE, mm | 17.5 (14–19) | 17 (15–19) | 18 (14–21) | 1.000 |
| Inferior vena cava, mm | 22.5 (14.5–27) | 14.5 (14–20) | 27 (25–28) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Serum sodium, mmol/L | 139.5 (137–142.5) | 140.5 (139–143) | 138 (137–142) | 0.212 |
| Serum potassium, mmol/L | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 4.5 (4.3–4.7) | 4.3 (4.0–4.5) | 0.102 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 31.3 (23.0–40.7) | 23.0 (15.1–48.8) | 37.3 (25.3–40.7) | 0.513 |
| Hematocrit, % | 35 (31–43) | 37 (31–43) | 35 (33–41) | 0.775 |
| Urine creatinine mmol/L | 68 (43–94) | 73 (65–94) | 39.5 (27–95.5) | 0.131 |
| Urine sodium, mmol/L | 64 (49–86) | 64 (56–83) | 64 (33–87) | 0.935 |
| Urine potassium mmol/L | 35.5 (28–45) | 35 (31–42) | 37 (23–51) | 0.894 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 2738 (1290–8585) | 1950 (880–4246) | 8585 (2588–11765) | 0.018 |
| CA125, U/mL | 33.5 (15–125) | 32 (15–379) | 34 (14.5–87) | 0.790 |
| Pharmacological heart failure therapy at baseline | ||||
| Loop diuretics (oral), n (%) | 20 (100) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) | 1.000 |
| FED, mg | 80 (40–80) | 70 (40–80) | 80 (80–120) | 0.186 |
| Furosemide sc dose, mg | 100 (90–120) | 100 (80–100) | 110 (100–120) | 0.054 |
| Chlorthalidone, n (%) | 13 (65.0) | 4 (40.0) | 9 (90.0) | 0.057 |
| Acetazolamide, n (%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0 | 1 (10.0) | 1.000 |
| MRA, n (%) | 12 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | 8 (80.0) | 0.170 |
| Sacubitril-valsartan, n (%) | 6 (30.0) | 3 (30.0) | 3 (30.0) | 1.000 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 7 (35.0) | 4 (40.0) | 3 (30.0) | 1.000 |
| iSGLT-2, n (%) | 9 (45.0) | 5 (50.0) | 4 (40.0) | 0.656 |
| Betablockers, n (%) | 18 (90.0) | 9 (90.0) | 9 (90.0) | 1.000 |
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CA125, carbohydrate antigen 125; COPD, chronic obstructive coronary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FED, furosemide equivalent dose; iSGLT-2, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; MRA, mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists; NT-proBNP, amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PASP,: pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
Continuous variables are expressed as median (p25–p75%).