Table 1.
Molecular Formula, Relative Molecular Weight and Main Sources of Diosgenin and Its Analogues
| Compound | Molecular Formula | Relative Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Main Source | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diosgenin | C27H42O3 | 414.6 | The roots of Dioscorea villosa, the seeds of fenugreek (T. foenum graecum Linn), the rhizomes of D. zingiberensis | [163,164] |
| Dioscin | C 45 H 72 O 16 | 869.05 | The roots of Dioscorea villosa, the rhizomes of D. zingiberensis and Dioscorea nipponica | [165–168] |
| Pseudoprotodioscin. | C 51 H 82 O 21 | 1031.2 | The seeds of fenugreek (T. foenum graecum Linn), the rhizomes of Dioscorea panthaica | [169,170] |
| Protodioscin | C 51 H 84 O 22 | 1049.2 | The Rhizome of Dioscorea tokoro, the rhizomes of Dioscorea nipponica, the seeds of fenugreek (T. foenum graecum Linn), the seeds of Tribulus Terrestris | [171–174] |
| Methylprotodioscin | C 52 H 86 O 22 | 1063.2 | The rhizomes of Dioscorea collettii var. hypoglauca (Dioscoreaceae) | [175] |
| Yamogenin | C 27 H 42 O 3 | 414.6 | The dried stems of Asparagus officinalis L, the seeds of fenugreek (T. foenum graecum Linn) | [101,176,177] |
| Tomatidine | C27H45NO2 | 415.7 | The unripe fruits, leaves, stems and roots of tomato plant | [178] |
Abbreviations: MPD, Methylprotodioscin; PPD, pseudoprotodioscin; NO, nitric oxide; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; eNOS, endothelial NO synthase; iNOS, inducible NO synthase; ET-1, endothelin-1; Arg-1, arginase-1; MDA, malondialdehyde; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; PAT, perivascular adipose tissue; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GSH, glutathione; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; Sirt3, sirtuin 3; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; GR, glutathione reductase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; oxLDL, low-density lipoprotein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; M-CSF, monocyte colony-stimulating factor; NF-κB, nuclear factor -κB; TNFR1, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; PA, plasminogen activator; vwF, von Willebrand factor; Par, protease-activated receptor; TXA, tranexamic acid; TF, tissue factor; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PT, prolong prothrombin time; TT, thrombin time; APTT, activate partial thromboplastin time; FOXM1, Forkhead box protein M1; ADAM15, adamalysin metalloproteinase 15; Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2; FC, free cholesterol; CE, cholesterol ester; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; VLDL-C, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferation-activated receptorγ; LCAT, cholesterol acyltransferase; PL, pancreatic lipase; HL, hepatic proteinase; PGC1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; Erα, estrogen receptor α; SREBPs, sterol response element-binding proteins; LXRs, liver X receptors; PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9; LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor; ACAT, Acyl-Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase; SRs, Scavenger receptors; RCT, reverse cholesterol transport; NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1; ABCG5/8, ATP-binding cassette G5/8; SRB1, scavenger receptor class B type I; CES-1, carboxylesterase-1; CYP7A1, cholesterol7alpha- hydroxylase; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; NICD, Notch intracellular domain; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine, BLC, B lymphocyte chemokine; MIP‐1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Pam3CSK4, palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4; TF, tissue factor; CYP2E1, Cytochrome P450 2E1; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; HMGB1, high mobility group box-1; β-CD, β-cyclodextrin; SD rats, Sprague–Dawley rats; FeCl3, the ferric chloride; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; acLDL, Acetylated-low density lipoprotein; HAECs, human aortic endothelial cells; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; OxyLDL, Oxidatively modified LDL; MPMs, Mouse peritoneal macrophages; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; HUVECs, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; HMDMs, Human monocyte-derived macrophages; CE, Cholesterol ester; EL, endothelial lipase; FC, fatty acid; GSH, Glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; E17G, estradiol-17beta-(beta-D-glucuronide); Nrf2, nuclear factor E2-related factor-2; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; GSS, glutathione synthetase; JNK, junNH2- terminal kinase; sirt1, sirtuin 1.