Fig. 3.

Effects of AntiOxCIN₄on mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation (FAO) of WD-fed mice and FFAs-treated human HepG2 cells. (A) Mass spectrometry (MS)-proteomic analysis of hepatic mitochondrial, peroxisomal FAO-related proteins, and peroxisomal markers levels in WD-fed mice in the absence/presence of AntiOxCIN₄ (2.5 mg/day/animal). Blue color represents a decrease, while red color represents an increase of the protein levels. (B) mRNA transcript levels of FAO-related genes (PPARα, ACOX1, PEX14, ACOT2, CPT1α, and ECSH1) in human HepG2 cells treated with vehicle (BSA) or FFAs (24 h, 250 μM) in the absence/presence of AntiOxCIN₄ (48 h, 100 μM). (C) Representative image of FAO-related oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurement. BSA or palmitoyl-l-carnitine (250 μM) were acutely injected in HepG2 in the absence/presence of AntiOxCIN₄ (48 h, 100 μM). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (N = 5 per cage for the in vivo study and N = 4 for the HepG2 studies) and the results were normalized to the control condition (set as 100%). Statistically significant compared using two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's LSD test for multiple comparisons (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001 vs SD or Vehicle + BSA); (^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^####P < 0.0001 vs WD or Vehicle + FFAs).