TABLE 2.

Summary of emotion/mood findings in clinical and preclinical studies.

Clinical
Study type	Gender % (♂/♀)	Developmental stage at test	Finding	References
Retrospective cohort	Not stated	3 years	PTE in boys (heavy exposure) → Increased risk of conduct-only problems, hyperactivity-inattention only problems, and co-occurring problems. PTE in girls (light and heavy exposure) → Increased risk of conduct-only problems. PTE in boys → increased hyperactivity–inattention and conduct problems. PTE in girls → increased conduct-only problems.	Hutchinson et al., 2010
Prospective cohort	52/48	4, 12, and 24 months; 10 years	PTE in boys → positive correlation between heaviness of maternal smoking and conduct CD symptom disorder scores, only when mothers were unresponsive during infancy.	Wakschlag and Hans, 2002
Prospective cohort	51/49	5, 10, and 16 years	PTE in both → dose-response relationship between prenatal exposure and childhood-onset conduct problems.	Maughan et al., 2001
Retrospective cohort	52/48	2 years	PTE in both → related to negativity; negativity also related to a conflictual mother-child relationship.	Brook et al., 2000
Retrospective cohort	48/52	Time 1: 6–23 years; Time 2: 8–25 years; Time 310: 17–36 years of age	PTE in boys → increased risk of prepubertal conduct disorder onset. PTE in girls → increased risk of adolescent onset drug abuse/dependence.	Weissman et al., 1999
Preclinical
Nicotine treatment	Rodent strain	Exposure period; test start	Finding	References
Vapour: 5 mg/ml; 1 h/d	Wistar rats	GD(−5)–GD20; PD22–PD37	Nic males → increased anxiety-like behaviours (NSFT).	Lallai et al., 2022
Drinking water: 300 μg/ml Nic	NMRI mice	GD(−7)–PD1; PD42–PD49	Nic males → increase in anxiety- and compulsive-like behaviours (EZM and MB).	Polli et al., 2020
Vapour: 16 mg/mL 3 h/d	CD-1 mice	GD0.5–GD17.5; ∼PD56	PG/VG with Nic males → deficit in FST.	Church et al., 2020
Subcutaneous injections: 1.0 mg/kg; twice/d	Wistar rats	GD9–GD20; PD29–PD35	Nic in females → increase in depressive-like behaviours (SP and OFT).	Zhang et al., 2019
Drinking water: 0.2 mg/ml Nic	C57BL/6J mice	GD0–GD13, GD14–PD0, GD0–PD0, GD14–PD7, GD0–PD7, or PD0–PD7; PD28–PD38	Male Nic → increased anxiety-like behaviour in EPM for GD14–PD0, GD0–PD0, GD14–PD7, and GD0–PD7; MB for GD0–PD0, GD14–PD7, and GD0–PD0; NSFT for GD0–GD13, GD14–PD7, and GD0–PD0; Light/dark box test for GD0–PD0 and GD14–PD0. Female Nic → increased anxiety-like behaviour in EPM for GD0–PD0; MB for GD0–PD0 and GD14–PD0.	Alkam et al., 2013a
Osmotic minipump: 0.96 or 2.0 mg/kg/d	Long-Evans rats	GD4–PD10 (via maternal milk); PD32, PD72	Nic males → increase in anxiety-like behaviours (EPM).	Eppolito et al., 2010
Osmotic minipump: 6 mg/kg/d	Sprague–Dawley rats	GD3–PD0; PD40	Nic → increased anxiety-like behaviour in all groups except those exposed to saline and raised by natural mother; no effect of sex.	Vaglenova et al., 2004
Osmotic minipumps 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg/d	Sprague–Dawley rats	GD8–GD20; 12–14 months	Females → higher consumption of sucrose and water; no effect of Nic treatment. Females in EPM → more entries into open and closed arms regardless of treatment.	Sobrian et al., 2003
Osmotic minipump: 6 mg/kg/d	Zivic Miller Sprague–Dawley rats	GD12∼GD20; ∼3–5 months	Nic → elimination of pre-existing sex difference in saccharine preference.	Lichtensteiger and Schlumpf, 1985

Nic, Nicotine; Veh, vehicle; H, hour; D, day; W, week; GD, Gestation Day; PD, Postnatal Day; NSFT, Novelty Suppressed Feeding Test; EZM, Elevated Zero Maze; MB, Marble Burying; FST, Forced Swim Test; SP, Sucrose Preference; OFT, Open Field Test; EPM, Elevated Plus Maze.