TABLE 3.

Summary of substance abuse findings in clinical and preclinical studies.

Clinical
Study type	Gender % (♂/♀)	Developmental stage at test	Finding	References
Retrospective cohort	48/52	35–56 years	PTE in boys → First cigarette at younger age than non-exposed males; smoked more cigarettes during initiation of daily use compared to females, and females smoked more at time of study compared to females. PTE in girls → transitioned from initial to daily use faster than non-exposed females; opposite effect seen in males	Oncken et al., 2004
Prospective cohort	52/48	17–39 years	PTE in boys → Those heavily exposed (>1 pack/day) were ∼2x more likely to become regular smokers, to progress from ever smoking to regular smoking, to become dependent on nicotine and to progress from ever to regular smoking to dependence	Buka et al., 2003
Prospective cohort	51/49	9–17 years	PTE in females à Greater odds of ever smoking and persistent smoking.	Kandel et al., 1994
Preclinical
Nicotine treatment	Rodent strain	Exposure period; test start	Finding	References
Drinking water: 50 μg/ml	C57BL/6J mice	GD9–PD21; PD35–PD42	Nic males → higher preference for Nic in adolescence.	Klein et al., 2003