Table 1.
MR estimates of the causal effects of PUFAs on BMD using various analysis methods.
| Exposures | Outcomes | Number of SNPs | IVW | MR-Egger | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | 95%CI | MR p-value | Q-value | Heterogeneity p-value | I² | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | MR p-value | Intercept | Intercept P-value |
||||
| Omega3 | LS-BMD | 22 | −0.0671 | 0.0499 | −0.1650,0.0307 | 0.1789 | 20.5023 | 0.4896 | 5% | 0.0370 | 0.0984 | −0.1558,0.2299 | 0.7105 | −0.0057 | 0.2334 | |
| FN-BMD | 22 | 0.0041 | 0.0430 | −0.0802,0.0885 | 0.9237 | 15.1264 | 0.8165 | 5% | −0.0379 | 0.0849 | −0.2044,0.1285 | 0.6600 | 0.0023 | 0.5722 | ||
| FA-BMD | 24 | −0.0722 | 0.0860 | −0.2408,0.0963 | 0.4011 | 18.2438 | 0.7441 | 4.76% | −0.0500 | 0.1655 | −0.3746,0.2744 | 0.7651 | −0.0012 | 0.8769 | ||
| TB-BMD | 36 | −0.0438 | 0.0265 | −0.0958,0.0082 | 0.0989 | 45.0938 | 0.1180 | 2.94% | −0.0817 | 0.0541 | −0.1878,0.0243 | 0.1403 | 0.0023 | 0.4040 | ||
| Omega6 | LS-BMD | 29 | −0.0247 | 0.0371 | −0.0975,0.0481 | 0.5058 | 38.9516 | 0.0817 | 3.70% | −0.0753 | 0.0835 | −0.2390,0.0884 | 0.3752 | 0.0033 | 0.4814 | |
| FN-BMD | 29 | 0.0008 | 0.0319 | −0.0618,0.0633 | 0.9812 | 12.8553 | 0.9935 | 3.70% | −0.0116 | 0.0602 | −0.1296,0.1064 | 0.8482 | 0.0008 | 0.8101 | ||
| FA-BMD | 30 | 0.0646 | 0.0650 | −0.0628,0.1919 | 0.3205 | 22.8406 | 0.7838 | 3.57% | 0.0476 | 0.1229 | −0.1933,0.2885 | 0.7015 | 0.0011 | 0.8722 | ||
| TB-BMD | 45 | −0.0515 | 0.0201 | −0.0911, −0.0119 | 0.0106 | 41.8432 | 0.5644 | 2.33% | −0.0660 | 0.0376 | −0.1398,0.0077 | 0.0864 | 0.0010 | 0.6503 | ||
| Ratio of Omega6 to Omega3 | LS-BMD | 18 | 0.0726 | 0.0562 | −0.0376,0.1829 | 0.1966 | 14.2175 | 0.6516 | 6.25% | 0.0566 | 0.1156 | −0.1701,0.2833 | 0.6312 | 0.0009 | 0.8759 | |
| FN-BMD | 18 | 0.0395 | 0.0482 | −0.0550,0.1342 | 0.4124 | 13.4092 | 0.7083 | 6.25% | 0.0933 | 0.0994 | −0.1014,0.2882 | 0.3616 | −0.0030 | 0.5446 | ||
| FA-BMD | 20 | −0.0243 | 0.0965 | −0.2134,0.1648 | 0.8010 | 17.1364 | 0.5806 | 5.56% | 0.2241 | 0.1925 | −0.1532,0.6015 | 0.2595 | −0.0144 | 0.1532 | ||
| TB-BMD | 26 | 0.0283 | 0.0318 | −0.0341,0.0909 | 0.3734 | 27.3838 | 0.3369 | 4.17% | 0.0895 | 0.0633 | −0.0345,0.2136 | 0.1699 | −0.0039 | −0.2676 | ||
| Exposures | Outcomes | Number of SNPs | Weighted median | Maximum likelihood | ||||||||||||
| Estimate | SE | 95%CI | MR p-value | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | ||||||||||
| Omega3 | LS-BMD | 22 | −0.0539 | 0.0743 | −0.1996,0.0917 | 0.4680 | −0.0675 | 0.0502 | −0.1659,0.0309 | |||||||
| FN-BMD | 22 | 0.0367 | 0.0622 | −0.0851,0.1587 | 0.5544 | 0.0041 | 0.0432 | −0.0805,0.0888 | ||||||||
| FA-BMD | 24 | 0.1477 | 0.1248 | −0.0970,0.3924 | 0.2369 | −0.0726 | 0.0864 | −0.2420,0.0966 | ||||||||
| TB-BMD | 36 | −0.0727 | 0.0414 | −0.1540,0.0085 | 0.0795 | −0.0444 | 0.0267 | −0.0968,0.0079 | ||||||||
| Omega6 | LS-BMD | 29 | −0.0639 | 0.0552 | −0.1721,0.0444 | 0.2475 | −0.0246 | 0.0373 | −0.0978,0.0486 | |||||||
| FN-BMD | 29 | 0.0156 | 0.0445 | −0.0716,0.1027 | 0.7261 | 0.0008 | 0.0320 | −0.0619,0.0635 | ||||||||
| FA-BMD | 30 | 0.1069 | 0.0946 | −0.0785,0.2922 | 0.2584 | 0.0651 | 0.0652 | −0.0626,0.1928 | ||||||||
| TB-BMD | 45 | −0.0229 | 0.0293 | −0.0804,0.0345 | 0.4338 | −0.0517 | 0.0202 | −0.0915,−0.0120 | ||||||||
| Ratio of Omega6 to Omega3 | LS-BMD | 18 | 0.1160 | 0.0836 | −0.0479,0.2799 | 0.1654 | 0.0736 | 0.0565 | −0.0372,0.1844 | |||||||
| FN-BMD | 18 | 0.0692 | 0.0694 | −0.0668,0.2054 | 0.3184 | 0.0399 | 0.0484 | −0.0550,0.1350 | ||||||||
| FA-BMD | 20 | −0.0520 | 0.1420 | −0.3305,0.2263 | 0.7138 | −0.0245 | 0.0970 | −0.2146,0.1656 | ||||||||
| TB-BMD | 26 | 0.0260 | 0.0436 | −0.0595,0.1115 | 0.5510 | 0.0288 | 0.0321 | −0.0341,0.0917 | ||||||||
MR, Mendelian randomization; BMD, bone mineral density; FN-BMD, femoral neck BMD; LS-BMD, lumbar spine BMD; FA-BMD, forearm BMD; TB-BMD, total body BMD; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW, inverse variance weighted; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.