Table 4.
MR estimates of the causal effects of PUFAs on BMD using various analysis methods.
| Exposures | Outcomes | Number of SNPs | IVW | MR-Egger | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | 95%CI | MR p-value | Q-value | Heterogeneity p-value | I² | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | MR p-value | Intercept | ||||||
| LS-BMD | Omega-3 fatty acids | 20 | 0.0045 | 0.0151 | −0.0251,0.0342 | 0.7623 | 24.4995 | 0.1776 | 5.56% | −0.0802 | 0.0635 | −0.2048,0.0444 | 0.2232 | 0.0062 | |||
| Omega-6 fatty acids | 19 | 0.0084 | 0.0201 | −0.0311,0.0479 | 0.6764 | 29.3822 | 0.0439 | 5.88% | −0.0892 | 0.0723 | −0.2310,0.0526 | 0.2344 | 0.0071 | ||||
| Ratio of omega6/omega3 | 20 | 0.0041 | 0.0152 | −0.0256,0.0341 | 0.7836 | 14.7783 | 0.7365 | 5.56% | 0.0667 | 0.0576 | −0.0463,0.1797 | 0.2624 | −0.0046 | ||||
| FN-BMD | Omega-3 fatty acids | 17 | −0.0080 | 0.0234 | −0.0544,0.0373 | 0.7148 | 27.9430 | 0.0321 | 6.67% | −0.1761 | 0.1192 | −0.4099,0.0576 | 0.1603 | 0.0108 | |||
| Omega-6 fatty acids | 15 | 0.0343 | 0.0251 | −0.0150,0.0837 | 0.1726 | 25.4820 | 0.0301 | 7.69% | 0.2845 | 0.1355 | 0.0188,0.5501 | 0.0559 | −0.0161 | ||||
| Ratio of omega6/omega3 | 17 | 0.0224 | 0.0178 | −0.0125,0.0573 | 0.2082 | 17.8123 | 0.3349 | 6.67% | 0.1857 | 0.0937 | 0.0020,0.3694 | 0.0661 | −0.0105 | ||||
| TB-BMD | Omega-3 fatty acids | 68 | −0.0018 | 0.0128 | −0.0269,0.0233 | 0.8874 | 87.3676 | 0.0481 | 1.52% | −0.0638 | 0.0356 | −0.1337,0.0060 | 0.0779 | 0.0034 | |||
| Omega-6 fatty acids | 68 | −0.0007 | 0.0126 | −0.0255,0.0240 | 0.9515 | 94.0726 | 0.0162 | 1.52% | −0.0699 | 0.0308 | −0.1304,−0.0095 | 0.0265 | 0.0041 | ||||
| Ratio of omega6/omega3 | 68 | 0.0069 | 0.0112 | −0.0151,0.0291 | 0.5372 | 71.5785 | 0.3284 | 1.52% | 0.0634 | 0.0324 | −0.0002,0.1270 | 0.0551 | −0.0031 | ||||
| Exposures | Outcomes | Number of SNPs | Weighted median | Maximum likelihood | |||||||||||||
| Estimate | SE | 95%CI | MR p-value | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | |||||||||||
| LS-BMD | Omega-3 fatty acids | 20 | 0.0271 | 0.0225 | −0.0171,0.0713 | 0.2303 | 0.0046 | 0.0153 | −0.0254,0.0347 | ||||||||
| Omega-6 fatty acids | 19 | 0.0231 | 0.0239 | −0.0238,0.0701 | 0.3343 | 0.0086 | 0.0161 | −0.0228,0.0402 | |||||||||
| Ratio of omega6/omega3 | 20 | 0.0035 | 0.0217 | −0.0391,0.0461 | 0.8712 | 0.0042 | 0.0153 | −0.0258,0.0343 | |||||||||
| FN-BMD | Omega-3 fatty acids | 17 | −0.0341 | 0.0262 | −0.0856,0.0172 | 0.1928 | −0.0088 | 0.0179 | −0.0441,0.0264 | ||||||||
| Omega-6 fatty acids | 15 | 0.0261 | 0.0284 | −0.0297,0.0819 | 0.3594 | 0.0355 | 0.0189 | −0.0016,0.0727 | |||||||||
| Ratio of omega6/omega3 | 17 | 0.0338 | 0.0254 | −0.0159,0.0837 | 0.1831 | 0.0231 | 0.0180 | −0.0122,0.0584 | |||||||||
| TB-BMD | Omega-3 fatty acids | 68 | 0.0106 | 0.0178 | −0.0243,0.0455 | 0.5524 | −0.0018 | 0.0113 | −0.0241,0.0204 | ||||||||
| Omega-6 fatty acids | 68 | −0.0055 | 0.0172 | −0.0393,0.0281 | 0.7456 | −0.0007 | 0.0108 | −0.0219,0.0203 | |||||||||
| Ratio of omega6/omega3 | 68 | 0.0115 | 0.0171 | −0.0221,0.0452 | 0.5001 | 0.0071 | 0.0114 | −0.0152,0.0294 | |||||||||
MR, Mendelian randomization; BMD, bone mineral density; FN-BMD, femoral neck BMD; LS-BMD, lumbar spine BMD; FA-BMD, forearm BMD; TB-BMD, total body BMD; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW, inverse variance weighted; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.