Fig. 2.

Example of an integrated care approach. * Some potential causes of dyspnea are assessed as part of standard AF care (anemia, thyroid disorders). ** NB: also in patients with symptom-rhythm correlation echocardiography should be performed for underlying disease *** Including neuromuscular disease and peripheral vascular disease. Abbreviations: AF = atrial fibrillation, CPET = cardiopulmonary exercise testing, ECG = electrocardiogram, FEV = forced expiratory volume, HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, NTproBNP = N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide, OSAS = obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, PSS = Perceived Stress Scale.