TABLE 3.

The features of a healthy and unhealthy lifestyle in the hierarchical six-layer network.

Network level	Healthy lifestyle		Unhealthy lifestyle
1. Macroenvironmental influences	Climatic and political stability, and no emerging infectious disease outbreaks make a healthy lifestyle possible.		Pandemics, climate emergencies and political conflicts leading to war make an unhealthy lifestyle more likely.
2. Social and cultural factors	Economic stability, access to education and health care, housing in a safe neighborhood, and being embedded in a supportive family and a healthy social network makes a healthy lifestyle more likely.		Economic instability, lack access to education ± healthcare, marginalized housing ± a dangerous neighborhood and an unsupportive family or unhealthy or absent social network makes an unhealthy lifestyle more likely.
3. Lifestyle	A diet with fresh fruits and vegetables, signs of regulation, such as a healthy weight, sound sleep, regular physical activity and support to deal with psycho-social stress constitute a healthy lifestyle.		A diet high in refined sugars and saturated fat, signs of dysregulation, such as addictions and sedentariness, as well as a lack of support for psycho-social stressors constitute an unhealthy lifestyle.
4. Immune, autonomic and neuroendocrine systems	Periodic acute inflammation and recuperation in response to injury and a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, in concert with a normal neuro-hormonal response are consistent with a healthy lifestyle.		Chronic low-grade inflammation and progressive fibrosis associated with chronic sympathetic overdrive, in concert with an abnormal neuro-hormonal response are consistent with an unhealthy lifestyle.
5. Interstitial cells in the microenvironment	Normal, regulated macrophages cycle through a surveillance phenotype (M0) that responds to injury or tissue disruption with an acute inflammatory (M1) then a reparatory (M2) phenotype.		Dysregulated M1 macrophages leads to chronic low-grade inflammation;
	Normal, regulated fibroblasts are in maintenance mode or cycling through a reactive and remodelline phenotype in response to injury, in concert with other interstitial cells.		Dysregulated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts lead to progressive fibrosis.
6. Intracellular	A healthy balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, healthy neural, hormonal, epigenetic, metabolomic, and other influences, lead to well-regulated interstitial cells.		A predominance of inflammatory cytokines, and dysregulation of neural, hormonal, epigenetic, metabolomic, and other influences, lead to dysregulated interstitial cells.
	Oxidative metabolism predominates.		Glycolytic metabolism predominates (the Warburg effect).