Table 3.
Risk factors for POP—univariate analysis.
| Risk factors | Cases (N = 264) | Controls (N = 264) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 54.70 ± 14.85 | 48.73 ± 14.86 | <0.001 |
| Age grading | |||
| ≥60 yr | 102 (38.64%) | 59 (22.35%) | <0.001 |
| <60 yr | 162 (61.36%) | 205 (77.65%) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 155 (58.71%) | 132 (50.0%) | 0.044 |
| Female | 109 (41.29%) | 132 (50.0%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 61.12 ± 10.88 | 60.35 ± 10.25 | 0.408 |
| BMI | |||
| ≥24 kg/m2 | 103 (46.8%) | 92 (35.4%) | 0.011 |
| <24 kg/m2 | 117 (53.2%) | 168 (64.6%) | |
| ASA physical status | |||
| ≥ 3 | 143 (54.2%) | 106 (40.2%) | 0.001 |
| < 3 | 121 (45.8%) | 158 (59.8%) | |
| Coma (GCS < 8) | 34 (12.9%) | 5 (1.9%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 112 (42.4%) | 83 (31.4%) | 0.009 |
| Drinking | 91 (34.5%) | 66 (25.0%) | 0.017 |
| Hypertension | 81 (30.7%) | 52 (19.7%) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes | 28 (10.6%) | 14 (5.3%) | 0.024 |
| Malignancy | 86 (32.6%) | 52 (19.7%) | 0.001 |
| COPD | 33 (12.5%) | 6 (2.3%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 7 (2.7%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0.779 |
| Stroke | 15 (5.7%) | 8 (3.0%) | 0.136 |
| Liver disease | 7 (2.7%) | 10 (3.8%) | 0.460 |
| Renal dysfunction | 6 (2.3%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.154 |
| Preoperative prophylactic antimicrobial use | 254 (96.2%) | 257 (97.3%) | 0.460 |
| Preoperative hemoglobin | |||
| < 100 g/L | 19 (7.2%) | 15 (5.7%) | 0.478 |
| ≥ 100 g/L | 245 (92.8%) | 249 (94.3%) | |
| Postoperative hemoglobin | |||
| < 100 g/L | 87 (33.0%) | 44 (16.7%) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 100 g/L | 177 (67.0%) | 220 (83.3%) | |
| Preoperative albumin | |||
| <35 g/L | 47 (17.8%) | 40 (15.2%) | 0.412 |
| ≥35 g/L | 217 (82.2%) | 224 (84.8%) | |
| Postoperative albumin | |||
| <35 g/L | 198 (75.0%) | 117 (44.3%) | <0.001 |
| ≥35 g/L | 66 (25.0%) | 147 (55.7%) | |
| Surgical difficulty classification criteria | |||
| ≥ 4 | 182 (68.9%) | 151 (57.2%) | 0.005 |
| <3 | 82 (31.1%) | 113 (42.8%) | |
| Duration of surgery (h) | 4.67 ± 3.20 | 3.40 ± 2.18 | <0.001 |
| ≥ 3 h | 178 (67.4%) | 132 (50.0%) | <0.001 |
| < 3 h | 86 (32.6%) | 132 (50.0%) | |
| Emergency surgery | 58 (22.1%) | 19 (7.2%) | <0.001 |
| Night operation | 66 (25.0%) | 12 (4.5%) | <0.001 |
| Intraoperative blood loss (ml) | 586.1 ± 1,428.0 | 243.2 ± 256.6 | <0.001 |
| ≥ 400 ml | 107 (40.5%) | 67 (25.4%) | <0.001 |
| <400 ml | 157 (59.5%) | 197 (74.6) | |
| Intraoperative RBC transfusion | 48 (18.2%) | 19 (7.2%) | <0.001 |
| Intraoperative albumin infusion | 16 (6.1%) | 21 (8.0%) | 0.394 |
| Amount of intraoperative liquid | |||
| ≥ 4,000 ml | 104 (39.4%) | 56 (21.2%) | <0.001 |
| <4,000 ml | 160 (60.6%) | 208 (78.8%) | |
| Radial artery cannulation | 239 (90.5%) | 233 (88.3%) | 0.396 |
| Deep vein catheterization | 196 (74.2%) | 148 (56.1%) | <0.001 |
| Gastric tube intubation | 84 (31.8%) | 52 (19.7%) | 0.001 |
| Duration of ventilation | |||
| ≥ 24 h | 81 (30.7%) | 16 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
| <24 h | 183 (69.3%) | 248 (93.9%) | |
| Duration of postoperative bed rest | |||
| ≥ 3 days | 177 (67.0%) | 86 (32.6%) | <0.001 |
| <3 days | 87 (33.0%) | 178 (67.4%) |
BMI, Body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status classification; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RBC, red blood cell.