Table 3.
Risk factors summary of all-cause death from the extended Cox regression and joint modeling in the surveillance and ART cohorts.
| HR (95% CI) of all-cause death in the surveillance cohort (1992–2018) |
HR (95% CI) of all-cause death in the surveillance cohort
(2009–2018) |
HR (95% CI) of all cause death in the ART cohort (2005–2018) |
HR (95% CI) of all-cause death in the ART cohort
(2009–2018) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | ||||
| 15~29 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| 30~44 | 1.494 (1.376, 1.623) | 1.51 (1.388, 1.642) | 1.231 (0.816, 1.855) | 1.215 (0.808, 1.826) |
| 45~59 | 2.617 (2.368, 2.892) | 2.691 (2.433, 2.977) | 2.61 (1.692, 4.027) | 2.57 (1.669, 3.959) |
| 60~ | 4.85 (4.314, 5.453) | 4.988 (4.433, 5.613) | 7.164 (4.530, 11.328) | 7.03 (4.454, 11.097) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Male | 1.359 (1.255, 1.472) | 1.356 (1.252, 1.469) | 1.337 (1.038, 1.721) | 1.297 (1.008, 1.671) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Han | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Others | 1.068 (0.939, 1.213) | 1.08 (0.950, 1.229) | 0.709 (0.331, 1.520) | 0.706 (0.33, 1.512) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Married or with partner | 0.87 (0.806, 0.938) | 0.859 (0.796, 0.927) | 0.962 (0.708, 1.307) | 0.953 (0.701, 1.295) |
| Widowed or divorced | 0.919 (0.844, 1.001) | 0.915 (0.839, 0.997) | 1.219 (0.874, 1.701) | 1.197 (0.857, 1.672) |
| Unknown | 1.054 (0.773, 1.438) | 1.056 (0.774, 1.442) | 2.234 (0.787, 6.338) | 2.239 (0.789, 6.353) |
| Education attainment | ||||
| Tertiary education and above | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Senior high school | 1.414 (1.202, 1.664) | 1.405 (1.193, 1.654) | 1.382 (0.855, 2.235) | 1.351 (0.838, 2.176) |
| Junior high school | 1.801 (1.542, 2.104) | 1.788 (1.529, 2.090) | 1.782 (1.132, 2.803) | 1.753 (1.119, 2.746) |
| Primary school or illiteracy | 1.992 (1.691, 2.347) | 1.980 (1.680, 2.334) | 2.486 (1.551, 3.985) | 2.439 (1.526, 3.899) |
| Transmission route | ||||
| Homosexual intercourse | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Heterosexual intercourse | 1.810 (1.612, 2.032) | 1.803 (1.605, 2.024) | 4.526 (2.793, 7.335) | 4.376 (2.717, 7.048) |
| Injection drug use | 2.355 (2.043, 2.714) | 2.337 (2.023, 2.699) | 9.101 (5.199, 15.93) | 8.607 (4.938, 15.000) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Farmer/worker | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Business/service | 0.934 (0.872, 1.000) | 0.932 (0.869, 0.999) | 0.725 (0.574, 0.917) | 0.728 (0.575, 0.921) |
| Professional/manager | 0.897 (0.787, 1.023) | 0.896 (0.786, 1.022) | 0.964 (0.695, 1.337) | 0.993 (0.715, 1.379) |
| Others | 0.909 (0.843, 0.979) | 0.913 (0.847, 0.984) | 0.595 (0.454, 0.781) | 0.592 (0.451, 0.779) |
| Source of detection | ||||
| Medical institution | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| VCT | 0.813 (0.752, 0.878) | 0.808 (0.747, 0.874) | 0.780 (0.610, 0.997) | 0.786 (0.615, 1.005) |
| Special project | 0.765 (0.615, 0.951) | 0.754 (0.606, 0.939) | 0.837 (0.295, 2.378) | 0.807 (0.284, 2.294) |
| Others | 0.717 (0.645, 0.797) | 0.716 (0.643, 0.797) | 1.014 (0.708, 1.453) | 1.019 (0.710, 1.464) |
| Internal migrant | ||||
| No | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Yes | 1.181 (1.111, 1.255) | 1.185 (1.115, 1.26) | 0.801 (0.559, 1.148) | 0.804 (0.561, 1.152) |
| CD4 counts, cell/uL | ||||
| ≥500 | ref. | ref. | - | - |
| 350~500 | 1.159 (1.062, 1.266) | 1.16 (1.061, 1.267) | - | - |
| 200~350 | 1.651 (1.515, 1.799) | 1.652 (1.515, 1.801) | - | - |
| 50~200 | 3.663 (3.352, 4.002) | 3.655 (3.342, 3.996) | - | - |
| < 50 | 12.715 (11.509, 14.047) | 12.789 (11.564, 14.142) | - | - |
| Late testing | ||||
| No | ref. | ref. | - | - |
| Yes | 1.358 (1.275, 1.447) | 1.341 (1.258, 1.429) | - | - |
| Having an experience in ART | ||||
| No | ref. | ref. | - | - |
| Yes | 0.142 (0.133, 0.151) | 0.144 (0.136, 0.154) | - | - |
| AHD status | ||||
| Neither late testing nor late ART | - | - | ref. | ref. |
| Late testing but not late ART | - | - | 1.481 (0.892, 2.46) | 1.460 (0.879, 2.426) |
| Late ART but not late testing | - | - | 1.690 (1.166, 2.451) | 1.638 (1.127, 2.381) |
| Both late testing and late ART | - | - | 1.335 (1.042, 1.710) | 1.335 (1.043, 1.707) |
| Immediate ART | ||||
| No | - | - | ref. | ref. |
| Yes | - | - | 0.923 (0.755, 1.129) | 0.921 (0.753, 1.128) |
| Log10 VL, copies/ml | ||||
| Per unit increase | - | - | 3.294 (2.005, 5.412) | 3.407 (2.085, 5.568) |
HR, Hazard ratio, CI, confidence interval, MD, mean difference, ART, antiretroviral therapy AHD, advanced HIV disease, VL, viral load.