Table 3.

Survival analyses among patients with chronic non-cancer pain in 2010.

Mortality	Event (n, %)	Multivariable Cox regression model HR (95% CI)	P-value
10-year all-cause mortality (model 1)
Opioid naïve patient	109,920 (6.1)	1
Long-term opioid user	1953 (23.5)	1.21 (1.13, 1.31)	<0.001
10-year all-cause mortality (model 2)
Opioid naïve patient	109,920 (6.1)	1
Long-term opioid user without BDZ use	1441 (21.8)	1.22 (1.22, 1.31)	<0.001
Long-term opioid user with BDZ use	623 (30.1)	1.32 (1.19, 1.46)	<0.001
10-year all-cause mortality (model 3)
Opioid naïve patient	109,920 (6.1)	1
Long-term opioid user without Z drug use	1845 (23.0)	1.21 (1.13, 1.31)	<0.001
Long-term opioid user with Z drug use	108 (36.4)	1.55 (1.28, 1.89)	<0.001
10-year all-cause mortality (model 4)
Opioid naïve patient	109,920 (6.1)	1
Long-term opioid user without gabapentin or pregabalin use	1637 (22.4)	1.25 (1.16, 1.35)	<0.001
Long-term opioid user with gabapentin or pregabalin use	316 (31.2)	1.53 (1.36, 1.73)	<0.001

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BDZ, benzodiazepine.