Table 1.
Association of selected characteristics of women and households with COVID-19 antibody test positivity
| Selected Characteristics | Total N = 2041 | Positive n (%) | Negative n (%) | P-value | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Women Characteristics
| ||||||
|
Age in years
| ||||||
| <30 |
1361 |
481 (35.3) |
880 (64.7) |
|
Ref |
|
| ≥30 |
680 |
249 (36.6) |
431 (63.4) |
0.57 |
1.04 (0.92-1.17) |
|
|
Education
| ||||||
| 0-5 y |
898 |
298 (33.2) |
600 (66.8) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| >5 y |
1143 |
432 (37.8) |
711 (62.2) |
0.03 |
1.14 (1.01-1.28) |
1.03 (0.90-1.17) |
|
Occupation
| ||||||
| Housewife |
2012 |
718 (35.7) |
1294 (64.3) |
|
Ref |
|
| Working/employed |
29 |
12 (41.4) |
17 (58.6) |
0.53 |
1.16 (0.75-1.80) |
|
|
BMI
| ||||||
| Thin and normal (BMI<25 kg/m2) |
1920 |
678 (35.3) |
1242 (64.7) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| Overweight/Obese (BMI≥25 kg/m2) |
121 |
52 (43.0) |
69 (57.0) |
0.09 |
1.22 (0.98-1.51) |
1.12 (0.90-1.39) |
|
Chewing tobacco
| ||||||
| Yes |
357 |
140 (39.2) |
217 (60.8) |
|
1.12 (0.97-1.29) |
1.19 (1.03-1.38) |
| No |
1684 |
590 (35.0) |
1094 (65.0) |
0.13 |
Ref |
Ref |
|
Husband's education*
| ||||||
| 0-5 y |
1395 |
475 (34.1) |
920 (65.9) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| >5 y |
640 |
253 (39.5) |
387 (60.5) |
0.02 |
1.16 (1.03-1.31) |
1.05 (0.92-1.20) |
|
Husband's occupation*
| ||||||
| Govt/private/self-employed (possibly in-door) |
744 |
305 (41.0) |
439 (59.0) |
|
1.25 (1.11-1.41) |
1.16 (1.02-1.32) |
| Daily wage/farming/other/does not work (possibly out-door) |
1291 |
423 (32.8) |
868 (67.2) |
<0.01 |
Ref |
Ref |
|
Prompted preventive measures
| ||||||
|
Staying at home as much as possible
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1985 |
707 (35.6) |
1278 (64.4) |
|
Ref |
|
| No |
56 |
23 (41.1) |
33 (58.9) |
0.40 |
1.15 (0.84-1.59) |
|
|
Physical distancing with other persons outside the household
| ||||||
| Yes |
1975 |
713 (36.1) |
1262 (63.9) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| No |
66 |
17 (25.8) |
49 (74.2) |
0.09 |
0.71 (0.47-1.08) |
0.74 (0.49-1.12) |
|
Cleaning hands regularly with soap and water or hand rub
| ||||||
| Yes |
2027 |
723 (35.7) |
1304 (64.3) |
|
Ref |
|
| No |
14 |
7 (50.0) |
7 (50.0) |
0.27 |
1.40 (0.83-2.37) |
|
|
Wearing a face mask when around others
| ||||||
| Yes |
1983 |
711 (35.9) |
1272 (64.1) |
|
Ref |
|
| No |
58 |
19 (32.8) |
39 (67.2) |
0.63 |
0.91 (0.63-1.33) |
|
|
Household characteristics
| ||||||
|
Number of adults in the household
| ||||||
| ≤2 |
705 |
235 (33.3) |
470 (66.7) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| >2 |
1336 |
495 (37.1) |
841 (62.9) |
0.10 |
1.11 (0.98-1.26) |
1.09 (0.96-1.23) |
|
Number of living children in the household
| ||||||
| ≤2 |
1338 |
474 (35.4) |
864 (64.6) |
|
Ref |
|
| >2 |
703 |
256 (36.4) |
447 (63.6) |
0.66 |
1.03 (0.91-1.16) |
|
|
Wealth index (tertiles)
| ||||||
| Poor |
774 |
247 (31.9) |
527 (68.1) |
|
0.74 (0.65-0.85) |
0.83 (0.71-0.97) |
| Middle |
634 |
211 (33.3) |
423 (66.7) |
<0.01 |
0.77 (0.67-0.89) |
0.82 (0.71-0.96) |
| Rich | 633 | 272 (43.0) | 361 (57.0) | Ref | Ref | |
CI – confidence interval, RR – relative risk, Ref – reference
*Husbands of 6 women died before the beginning of the study.