Table 2.
Association of selected characteristics of children and their household with COVID-19 antibody test positivity
| Selected Characteristics | Total N = 1398 | Positive n (%) | Negative n (%) | P- value | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Children Characteristics
| ||||||
|
Gender
| ||||||
| Male |
673 |
137 (20.4) |
536 (79.6) |
|
Ref |
|
| Female |
725 |
161 (22.2) |
564 (77.8) |
0.40 |
1.09 (0.89-1.34) |
|
|
Age in months
| ||||||
| 35-59 mo |
842 |
186 (22.1) |
656 (77.9) |
|
1.10 (0.89-1.35) |
|
| ≥60 mo |
556 |
112 (20.1) |
444 (79.9) |
0.38 |
Ref |
|
|
Stunting
| ||||||
| Normal (-1.99, 6) |
648 |
151 (23.3) |
497 (76.7) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| Stunting (-2.99,-2) |
487 |
105 (21.6) |
382 (78.4) |
<0.05 |
0.93 (0.74-1.15) |
1.00 (0.80-1.24) |
| Severe Stunting (≤-3) |
263 |
42 (16.0) |
221 (84.0) |
|
0.69 (0.50-0.93) |
0.81 (0.59-1.11) |
|
Wasting
| ||||||
| No |
1320 |
279 (21.1) |
1041 (78.9) |
|
Ref |
|
| Yes (Weight-for-height<-2) |
78 |
19 (24.4) |
59 (75.6) |
0.50 |
1.15 (0.77-1.73) |
|
|
Underweight
| ||||||
| Normal (-1.99, 6) |
871 |
188 (21.6) |
683 (78.4) |
|
Ref |
|
| Underweight (-2.99, -2) |
403 |
86 (21.3) |
317 (78.7) |
0.85 |
0.99 (0.79-1.24) |
|
| Severe underweight (≤-3) |
124 |
24 (19.4) |
100 (80.6) |
|
0.90 (0.61-1.31) |
|
|
Maternal Characteristics
| ||||||
|
Mother's age in years*
| ||||||
| <30 |
927 |
200 (21.6) |
727 (78.4) |
|
Ref |
|
| ≥30 |
464 |
97 (20.9) |
367 (79.1) |
0.77 |
0.97 (0.78-1.20) |
|
|
Mother's education*
| ||||||
| 0-5 y |
602 |
114 (18.9) |
488 (81.1) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| >5 y |
789 |
183 (23.2) |
606 (76.8) |
0.06 |
1.22 (0.99-1.51) |
0.95 (0.75-1.21) |
|
Mother's occupation*
| ||||||
| Housewife |
1372 |
291 (21.2) |
1081 (78.8) |
|
Ref |
|
| Working/employed |
19 |
6 (31.6) |
13 (68.4) |
0.27 |
1.49 (0.76-2.91) |
|
|
Father's education**
| ||||||
| 0-5 y |
928 |
167 (18.0) |
761 (82.0) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| >5 y |
467 |
130 (27.8) |
337 (72.2) |
<.01 |
1.55 (1.27-1.89) |
1.37 (1.10-1.71) |
|
Father's occupation**
| ||||||
| Govt/private/self-employed (possibly in-door) |
534 |
129 (24.2) |
405 (75.8) |
|
1.24 (1.01-1.52) |
1.00 (0.80-1.24) |
| Daily wage/farming/other/does not work (possibly out-door) |
861 |
168 (19.5) |
693 (80.5) |
0.04 |
Ref |
Ref |
|
Prompted preventive measures
| ||||||
|
Staying at home as much as possible
| ||||||
| Yes |
1364 |
292 (21.4) |
1072 (78.6) |
|
Ref |
|
| No |
34 |
6 (17.6) |
28 (82.4) |
0.60 |
0.82 (0.40-1.72) |
|
|
Physical distancing with other persons outside the household
| ||||||
| Yes |
1358 |
292 (21.5) |
1066 (78.5) |
|
Ref |
|
| No |
40 |
6 (15.0) |
34 (85.0) |
0.32 |
0.70 (0.33-1.47) |
|
|
Cleaning hands regularly with soap and water or hand rub
| ||||||
| Yes |
1388 |
295 (21.3) |
1093 (78.7) |
|
Ref |
|
| No |
10 |
3 (30.0) |
7 (70.0) |
0.45 |
1.41 (0.54-3.66) |
|
|
Wearing a face mask when around others
| ||||||
| Yes |
1359 |
290 (21.3) |
1069 (78.7) |
|
Ref |
|
| No |
39 |
8 (20.5) |
31 (79.5) |
0.90 |
0.96 (0.51-1.80) |
|
|
Household Characteristics
| ||||||
|
Number of adults in the household
| ||||||
| ≤2 |
483 |
90 (18.6) |
393 (81.4) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| >2 |
915 |
208 (22.7) |
707 (77.3) |
0.08 |
1.22 (0.98-1.52) |
1.10 (0.87-1.40) |
|
Number of living children in the household
| ||||||
| ≤2 |
868 |
197 (22.7) |
671 (77.3) |
|
Ref |
Ref |
| >2 |
530 |
101 (19.1) |
429 (80.9) |
0.11 |
0.84 (0.68-1.04) |
0.90 (0.71-1.14) |
|
Wealth Index (tertiles)
| ||||||
| Poor |
513 |
92 (17.9) |
421 (82.1) |
|
0.63 (0.50-0.80) |
0.75 (0.57-0.98) |
| Middle |
420 |
74 (17.6) |
346 (82.4) |
<.01 |
0.62 (0.48-0.80) |
0.68 (0.52-0.89) |
| Rich | 465 | 132 (28.4) | 333 (71.6) | Ref | Ref | |
CI – Confidence interval, RR – Relative risk, Ref – Reference
*Mothers of 7 children died before the beginning of the study.
**Fathers of 3 children died before the beginning of the study.