Table 3.
Example quotes and codes for each category.
| Concept | Example Quote | Example Code |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived susceptibility | “Angry, in bad mood, easy to have cancers. Some people smoke for a whole life, but they don’t have cancer. Some people don’t smoke but they still have lung cancer.” (Participant 2, female, 63y) |
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| “I don’t think my risk is high. Because currently I am living at a house. The air quality is good. Few people live nearby. I retired and I don’t go to factory to work. I don’t smoke now, and my friends don’t smoke. People live nearby don’t smoke too. So, I don’t concern about it.” (Participant 9, male, 78y) |
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| Perceived severity | “First, you are not normal. Second, you are not healthy. Third, if you interact with your friends, you cannot stay too closely when you talk. Other people will also dislike you. Your disease can transmit to others. I think the bacteria will transmit to other. I don’t know whether the bacteria of lung cancer can be passed through sputum. But I think it is not good because you cough frequently.” (Participant 9, male, 78y) |
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| Perceived benefits | “Know early and prevent early. No, it is not that know early and prevent early. It is … know early and treat early. I think smoking is very common in Asian population. If lung cancer screening is a regular test, it is a good thing for smokers. If lung cancer is screened regularly, it can facilitate (their health) and raise their awareness toward the risk brought by lung cancer. Only if they screen lung cancer, they will know the severity of lung cancer.” (Participant 3, male, 50y) |
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| “Because if we want to prevent lung cancer, we need to do the test. We can know our lung function after the test. Although I quit smoking for a long time, screening can tell me how my lungs currently function.” (Participant 5, male, 57y) |
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| “Screening lung cancer can tell you what your lungs look like now. If smokers do the test, I think the situation is definitely not good. If the situation is not good, they need to quit smoking as soon as possible. In order to live for a longer time, they need to quit smoking.” (Participant 5, male, 57y) |
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| Perceived barriers | “I didn't do it before. I don’t know whether it is painful. It seems that it needs to inject something, right? Contract agent, right?” (Participant 4, male, 58y) |
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| “I will follow Jesus’arrangement. Also, I heard lots of diseases are determined by genes or DNA. If I have lung cancer, I will accept my fate.” (Participant 8, male, 51y) |
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| “For disease prevention, I feel … if you are very sick, they will treat you. If you can tolerate the symptoms by yourself, they will not treat you … There is very little work the doctor does for disease prevention.” (Participant 8, male, 51y) |
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| “The time interval for the appointment is very long. Maybe I will use other methods, e.g., go to see urgent care, or buy some medicine to overcome it. I feel it is very inconvenient. Furthermore, they see patients too fast. They don’t have time to listen to your complaint. I feel I don't have time to tell them all my concern. They also don’t have time to tell you what you need to prevent and how you need to prevent.” (Participant 8, male, 51y) |
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| “…What you said just now that my doctor didn’t tell me, is it possible that this is the responsibility of expertise physicians? So, they don’t know?” (Participant 8, male, 51y) |
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| “Chinese people are conservative. Chinese people care about their face, and they are shy. They don’t want others to know their problems. If you make them convenient and keep their privacy, or they can do the screening without other knowing … If you let them do the exam publicly, they will feel shame and they will not accept it on purpose. If you have some methods to help them to do the exam conveniently without costing money and shading shame on them, I think they are willing to do the exam.” (Participant 9, male, 78y) |
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| Self-efficacy | “If I need to make the appointment for the screening, I will let my daughter help me to find the place to schedule.” (Participant 2, female, 63y) |
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| “For every test, what I wish to see is that the doctor would not tell me the result of the test. If the doctor doesn’t tell me the result, it means nothing wrong.” (Participant 3, male, 50y) |
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| “I felt if you have no diseases or symptoms, if you require to do the X-ray or CT, the doctor will not let you do. So, I am not confident to see my doctor and tell him, ‘I have no discomfort of my lungs. I want to screen lung cancer with low dose CT.’ The doctor will ask me, ‘What discomfort do you have?’ For me, they will only let you do the CT when you don’t feel well.” (Participant 8, male, 51y) |
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| Cues to action | “…So first it is the introduction by social media, second family members’advice, and doctor’s suggestions and command. Of course, we can also tell the doctor, ‘There is the lung cancer screening test. Can we do the screening? Whether I can make an appointment for it?’ We can ask doctors' actively.” (Participant 3, male, 50y) |
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