Table 2.
Cohort characteristics
| Characteristics | Entire cohort (n = 3074) | NIV (n = 791) | Primary NIV (n = 630) | Post-extubation NIV (n = 157) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) [years] | 75.7 (4.6) | 76.4 (4.9) | 76.8 (4.9) | 74.9 (4.6) |
| Female gender | 877 (28.5) | 226 (28.6) | 181 (28.7) | 42 (26.8) |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 27.7 (24.8, 31.0) | 27.7 (24.7, 31.3) | 27.7 (24.5, 31.3) | 27.8 (25.7, 31.5) |
| Prior hospitalization length [days] | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) |
| Symptoms before hospitalization [days] | 7.0 (4.0, 10.0) | 7.0 (3.0, 10.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) | 7.0 (4.0, 10.0) |
| Diabetes | 1033 (33.7) | 293 (37.1) | 241 (38.4) | 51 (32.5) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 694 (22.9) | 190 (24.4) | 158 (25.5) | 31 (19.7) |
| Chronic renal failure | 495 (16.2) | 155 (19.7) | 134 (21.4) | 20 (12.7) |
| Arterial hypertension | 2028 (66.2) | 528 (67.0) | 418 (66.7) | 106 (67.5) |
| Pulmonary disease | 689 (22.5) | 199 (25.3) | 159 (25.4) | 40 (25.5) |
| Congestive heart failure | 455 (15.0) | 129 (16.5) | 104 (16.8) | 25 (15.9) |
| Bacterial coinfection | 651 (21.6) | 201 (26.1) | 161 (26.4) | 40 (25.6) |
| SOFA score on admission | 5.0 (3.0, 8.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 7.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 6.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0) |
| Frailty status | ||||
| Fit (CFS 1–3) | 1912 (67.0) | 459 (61.2) | 356 (59.6) | 102 (68.0) |
| Vulnerable (CFS 4) | 444 (15.6) | 127 (16.9) | 93 (15.6) | 32 (21.3) |
| Frail (CFS 5–9) | 498 (17.4) | 164 (21.9) | 148 (24.8) | 16 (10.7) |
| Day of NIV initiation | 1.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 12.0 (8.0, 19.0) |
| Duration of NIV [hours] | 34.0 (10.0, 88.0) | 34.0 (10.0, 88.0) | 34.0 (10.0, 91.3) | 33.5 (12.8, 72.0) |
| IMV | 2219 (72.2) | 490 (61.9) | 330 (52.4) | 157 (100.0) |
| Day of IMV initiation | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 2.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
| Vasopressors | 2165 (70.8) | 497 (63.4) | 352 (56.3) | 142 (91.6) |
| Renal replacement therapy | 488 (15.9) | 120 (15.2) | 94 (14.9) | 25 (15.9) |
| Antibiotics | 2767 (90.1) | 713 (90.1) | 557 (88.4) | 153 (97.5) |
| Steroids | 2058 (68.6) | 565 (74.3) | 467 (77.3) | 96 (63.2) |
| LST limitation | 1189 (39.1) | 306 (39.0) | 276 (44.1) | 28 (18.1) |
| Withholding | 981 (32.3) | 251 (32.1) | 227 (36.3) | 23 (14.8) |
| Withdrawal | 627 (20.6) | 161 (20.5) | 150 (24.0) | 9 (5.8) |
BMI—body mass index, CFS—Clinical Frailty Scale, IMV—invasive mechanical ventilation, LST—life-sustaining therapy, NIV—noninvasive ventilation, SOFA—Sequential Organ Failure Assessment