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. 2022 Jul 22;158(5):415–434. doi: 10.1007/s00418-022-02140-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Comparative analysis of a lung abscess (a1–g1) and lungs destructed by COVID-19 (a2–g2). The structure of the lungs is seriously altered in patients suffering from both diseases, as visible in the figures depicting haematoxylin and eosin staining (a1, a2). Negative control using isotype control antibodies (b1, b2) is included to confirm specificity of the following immunohistochemical reactions using horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-tagged antibodies and AEC (red) substrate. Expression of IL-6 was significantly lower in the lungs of the patient without COVID-19 (c1) than in the lungs of the patient with COVID-19 (c1). A similar trend was observed for the expression of TGF-β1 (d1, d2), type I collagen (e1, e2) and fibronectin (f1, f2). While in the non-COVID lungs SMA expression was limited to the smooth muscle cells in the wall of vessels and bronchiole (g1), numerous SMA-positive myofibroblasts were found in the COVID-19 lungs (g2). The presence of type I collagen in peribronchial fibrous tissue (h1) and SMA in vessels (h2) was visualized in the positive control confirming reactivity of primary antibodies. Nuclei were counterstained with Gill’s haematoxylin (scale bar, 100 µm)