TABLE 1.
Socio‐demographic data, clinical characteristics, risk factors and markers of vulnerability
| Groups | Statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| FEM (n = 72) | FEP (n = 36) | t or χ 2, p‐value | |
| Socio‐demographic Variables | |||
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 26.58 ± 7.03 | 27.78 ± 6.90 | −0.838, 0.404 |
| Female sex (n, %) | 37, 51.4 | 18, 50.0 | 0.000, 1.000 |
| Education Level (n, %) | 4.625, 0.100 | ||
| Primary School | 1, 1.4 | 4, 11.1 | |
| Secondary School | 44, 61.1 | 20, 55.6 | |
| University | 27, 37.5 | 12, 33.3 | |
| Marital status, Married, yes (n, %) | 13, 18.1 | 5, 13.9 | 0.075, 0.784 |
| Employment (n, %) | 0.000,1.000 | ||
| Working | 22, 30.6 | 11, 30.6 | |
| Not Working | 50, 69.4 | 25, 69.4 | |
| Socio‐economic status (n, %) | 4.857, 0.301 | ||
| I | 7, 9.7 | 5, 14.3 | |
| II | 13, 18.1 | 2, 5.7 | |
| III | 10, 13.9 | 7, 20.0 | |
| IV | 16, 22.2 | 11, 31.4 | |
| V | 26, 36.1 | 10, 28.6 | |
| Clinical Variables | |||
| Age at first episode, any type (years, mean ± SD) | 22.90 ± 7.79 | 22.17 ± 7.96 | 0.459, 0.647 |
| Age at FEM or FEP (years, mean ± SD) | 25.78 ± 6.91 | 27.14 ± 7.06 | 0.958, 0.340 |
| Age at first hospitalization (years, mean ± SD) | 25.49 ± 6.97 | 26.48 ± 7.41 | −0.627, 0.532 |
| Duration of Untreated Psychosis (days, mean ± SD) | 29.58 ± 56.01 | 108.67 ± 204.62 | −2.172, 0.037 |
| MADRS Total Score (mean±SD) | 5.47 ± 4.80 | 9.15 ± 5.69 | −3.419, 0.001 |
| PANSS Positive Symptoms Score (mean ± SD) | 7.58 ± 1.67 | 9.52 ± 3.50 | −3.023, 0.004 |
| PANSS Negative Symptoms Score (mean ± SD) | 10.20 ± 4.87 | 15.39 ± 6.87 | −3.916, <0.001 |
| PANSS General Psychopatology Score (mean ± SD) | 22.44 ± 6.34 | 28.27 ± 7.09 | −4.209, <0.001 |
| PANSS Total Score (mean ± SD) | 40.21 ± 11.49 | 53.18 ± 15.09 | −4.836, <0.001 |
| YMRS Total Score (mean ± SD) | 1.64 ± 2.70 | 1.33 ± 1.81 | 0.592, 0.555 |
| FAST Total Score (mean ± SD) | 17.20 ± 13.18 | 25.31 ± 12.69 | −3.019, 0.003 |
| Psychopharmacological Treatment, Current (n, %) | 68, 94.40 | 35, 97.20 | 0.419, 0.663 |
| Length of time between the diagnosis and the study assessment (days, mean ± SD) | 296.76 ± 340.19 | 307.64 ± 333.97 | −0.158, 0.875 |
| Risk factors | |||
| Family History of Psychosis, yes (n, %) | 11, 15.5 | 8, 22.9 | 0.436, 0.509 |
| Family History of Bipolar Disorder, yes (n, %) | 17, 23.9 | 6, 17.1 | 0.301, 0.583 |
| Family History of Major Depressive Episode, yes (n, %) | 28, 39.4 | 15, 42.9 | 0.016, 0.899 |
| Obstetric complications, yes (n, %) | 16, 23.6 | 16, 44.4 | 3.976, 0.046 |
| Abnormal Psychomotor Development, yes (n, %) | |||
| Acquisition of walking ability | 4, 10.3 | 2, 7.4 | 0.157,1.000 |
| Acquisition of language | 3, 7.9 | 4, 18.5 | 1.651, 0.260 |
| Nocturnal enuresis | 5, 13.5 | 7, 25.9 | 0.869, 0.331 |
| Acquisition of reading/writing ability | 1, 2.7 | 6, 25.9 | 7.697, 0.008 |
| Stressors during prodromal phase, yes (n, %) | 49, 70.0 | 26, 72.2 | 0.000, 0.990 |
| Childhood Trauma, yes (n, %) | 16, 43.2 | 8, 61.5 | 0.661, 0.416 |
| Markers of vulnerability | |||
| Previous contact with MHS, yes, (n, %) | 42, 60.0 | 22, 64.7 | 0.061, 0.804 |
| Age at first contact with MHS (mean ± SD) | 20.4 ± 8.97 | 20.04 ± 7.83 | 0.178, 0.859 |
| Psychopharmacological Treatment in childhood/adolescence, (n, %) | 30, 42.30 | 24, 66.70 | 4.761, 0.029 |
| Psychiatric Diagnoses in childhood/adolescence (n, %) | 30, 41.70 | 22, 61.1 | 2.897, 0.089 |
| PAS childhood score (mean ± SD) | 4.56 ± 3.39 | 6.74 ± 4.38 | −2.840, 0.005 |
| PAS adolescence score (mean ± SD) | 6.78 ± 4.31 | 9.94 ± 5.61 | −3.222, 0.002 |
| PAS total score (mean ± SD) | 11.33 ± 6.93 | 16.69 ± 9.01 | −3.388, 0.001 |
| Cannabis use during prodromal phase, yes (n, %) | 41, 59.4 | 17. 48.6 | 0.712, 0.399 |
| Alcohol use during prodromal phase, yes (n, %) | 42, 60.9 | 20, 55.6 | 0.100, 0.752 |
| Suicidal Ideation during prodromal phase, yes (n, %) | 6, 8.3 | 5, 13.9 | 0.810, 0.574 |
| Treatment during prodromal phase, yes (n, %) | 25, 35.2 | 10, 27.8 | 0.310, 0.578 |
| Antidepressants during prodromal phase, yes (n, %) | 16, 22.5 | 3, 8.3 | 2.398. 0.121 |
Abbreviations: FAST, Functional Assessment Staging; FEM, First Episode Mania; FEP, First Episode Psychosis; MADRS, Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MHS, Mental Health Services; PANSS; PAS, Premorbid Adjustment Scale; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SD, Standard Deviation; WHO, World Health Organization; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale. Bold for statistically significant p values.