Table 1.

Summary of antifungal proteins of potential to be developed into alternative fungi control agents for agricultural applications.

Protein Class	Protein		Exogenous Application Inhibition	Antifungal Mechanism	Ref
Pathogenesis Related Proteins	Chitinase		Alternaria sp.	•Degradation of chitin via hydrolysis of the N-acetylglucosamine polymer •Lysing of fungal hyphal tips	[25,27,36,43,[154], [155], [156], [157], [158]]
			Aspergillus niger
			Botrytis cinerea
			Collectrichum falacatum
			Fusarium sp.
			Pestaloatia theae
			Rhizoctania solani
			Sphaerotehco humuli
			Trichoderma sp.
	Defensins	NRBAP	Mycosphaerella arachidicola	•Unknown	[50]
		MsDef1	Fusarium graminearum	•Ion channel inhibition	[54]
		NaD1	Fusarium oxysporum f.sp vasinfectum	•Interacts with fungal cytoplasmic agents •Disrupts plasmic membrane integrity	[56,57]
			Thielaviopsis basicola
			Aspergillus nidulans
			Leptospheria maculan
		RsAFP2	Fusarium culmorum	•Disrupts plasmic membrane integrity	[58]
			Nectria haematococca
			Verticilium dahlia
			Phoma betae
	Osmotin and Osmotin-Like Proteins		Alternaria solani	•Inhibition of cell wall barriers via signal transduction pathway •Reduction of pathogen toxicity towards host •Disruption of fungal cell walls, fungal hyphael, and spore germination •Hydrolyse β-1,3-glucans •Fungal membrane permealization	[62,[69], [70], [71],159]
			Biopolaris maydis
			Bioplaris zeicola
			Cerospora zeae-maydis
			Colletotrichum laginarium
			Colletotrichum sublineolum
			Fusarium graminearum
			Fusarium moniliforme
			Fusarium oxysporum
			Fusarium roseum
			Kabatiella seae
			Phytophthora infestans
			Phytophtora parasitica
			Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
			Stenocarpella maydis
			Trichoderma longibrachiatum
			Verticillium dahliae
Protease Inhibitors	Potide-G		Candida albicans	•Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of serine, aspartic, and cysteine proteases	[76]
			Rhizoctania solani
	Potato Protease Inhibitor I and II		Botrytis cinerea	•Chymotrypsin and serine protease inhibition	[75,78,160]
			Fusarium oxysporum
			Fusarium solani
	Bowman-Birk Protease Inhibitor		Fusarium culmorum	•Protease serine protease inhibitor •Noncompetitive inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin	[92,93,161,162]
			Fusarium graminearum
			Mycosphaerella arachidicola
			Septoria tritici
Antimicrobial Peptides	Prosystemin		Botrytis cinerea	•Induces protease inhibitors	[104,105]
				•Amplifies defense signaling process for wounded plants
	StSN1		Botrytis cinerea	•Mechanism unknown	[111,163]
			Fusarium sp.
	Puroindoline A and B		Alternaria brassicola	•Induces membrane instability	[116,164]
			Ascochyta pisi
			Fusarium culmorum
			Fusarium graminearum
			Magnaporthe girsea
			Rhizoctania solani
			Verticillium dahlia
DUF26-Containing Proteins	Ginkbilobin2		Candida albicans	•Binds sugar motifs on hyphal surface	[122,123]
			Fusarium oxysporum
			Trhicoderma reesei
	AFP1/AFP2		Ustilago maydis	•Binds to sugar motifs on hyphal surface	[124]
	VdCRR1		None tested	•Stabilize/protect chitinases from fungal proteases	[125]
	TaCRR		Bipolaris sorokiniana Rhizoctania cerealis	•Inhibited mycelia growth, activation of pathogenesis-related genes	[128]
Leucine Rich Repeat Protein	PvPGIP2		Aspergillus niger	•Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition	[144]
			Botrytis cinerea
S Albumin	2S Albumin and 2S Albumin Orthologs		Aspergillus flavus	•Mechanism unknown	[146,[150], [151], [152]]
			Aspergillus fumigatus
			Candida albicans
			Fusarium oxysporum
			Phanerochaete chrysosporium
			Trichoderma harizanum