Table 3. Associations of Behavioral and Functional Health, Relationship Health, and Economic Difficulties at T2 by Problematic Anger at T1 Among Service Members Who Separated From the Military.
| Outcome | Model 1: Unadjusted, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, aOR (95% CI)a | Model 3, aOR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral and functional health | |||
| Depression (n = 3444)c | |||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 6.23 (5.12-7.58) | 4.85 (3.95-5.96) | 1.77 (1.37-2.30) |
| PTSD (n = 3444)d | |||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 5.53 (4.65-6.58) | 4.07 (3.39-4.88) | 1.55 (1.23-1.96) |
| Problem drinking (n = 3446)e | |||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 2.21 (1.76-2.76) | 1.94 (1.53-2.47) | 1.20 (0.88-1.63) |
| Days with functional limitations in last 12 mo (n = 3445) | |||
| 0-1 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2-5 | 1.18 (0.92-1.50) | 1.17 (0.91-1.51) | 1.13 (0.85-1.50) |
| 6-15 | 1.54 (1.22-1.95) | 1.39 (1.09-1.78) | 1.13 (0.85-1.50) |
| 16-60 | 2.52 (1.97-3.23) | 2.10 (1.62-2.73) | 1.38 (1.02-1.88) |
| >60 | 3.45 (2.66-4.47) | 2.65 (2.01-3.48) | 1.13 (0.80-1.60) |
| Relationship health | |||
| Relationship quality (n = 2871)f | |||
| Happy (5-7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Unhappy/neutral (1-4) | 2.06 (1.68-2.53) | 1.99 (1.60-2.47) | 1.46 (1.12-1.90) |
| Coping with parental demands (n = 1993)g | |||
| Very well | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Somewhat well | 2.27 (1.74-2.96) | 2.19 (1.65-2.89) | 1.96 (1.42-2.68) |
| Fair | 3.95 (2.95-5.29) | 3.19 (2.35-4.34) | 2.36 (1.66-3.36) |
| Poorly/very poorly | 6.20 (4.20-9.16) | 4.71 (3.12-7.10) | 2.64 (1.61-4.35) |
| Social support (n = 3445)h | |||
| High (mean 5-7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Moderate (mean 3-5) | 2.68 (2.25-3.20) | 2.36 (1.96-2.85) | 1.69 (1.36-2.11)i |
| Low (mean 0-3) | 2.66 (2.10-3.37) | 2.36 (1.84-3.04) | 1.66 (1.23-2.24)i |
| Economic difficulties | |||
| Major financial problems (n = 3436) | |||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 2.83 (2.18-3.67) | 2.14 (1.62-2.82) | 1.47 (1.05-2.06) j |
| Financial security (n = 3435)k | |||
| Very comfortable/secure | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Able to make ends meet | 2.00 (1.64-2.43) | 1.50 (1.22-1.85) | 1.30 (1.02-1.64) |
| Occasional difficulty | 3.90 (3.08-4.95) | 2.37 (1.83-3.07) | 1.51 (1.11-2.05) |
| Substantial financial insecurity | 4.69 (3.50-6.27) | 2.92 (2.14-3.99) | 1.64 (1.13-2.39) |
| Homeless, last 6 y (n = 3424) | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 5.06 (3.09-8.28) | 3.42 (2.03-5.77) | 1.93 (0.99-3.76) |
| Employment status (n = 3437) | |||
| Full-time | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Part-time | 1.05 (0.75-1.46) | 0.97 (0.68-1.39) | 0.83 (0.55-1.25) |
| Not employed, looking | 2.90 (2.03-4.16) | 2.52 (1.72-3.70) | 1.61 (1.01-2.58) |
| Not employed, not looking | 1.23 (0.88-1.72) | 1.01 (0.71-1.44) | 0.86 (0.57-1.31) |
| Retired | 1.59 (1.21-2.10) | 1.70 (1.27-2.29) | 1.35 (0.95-1.92) |
| Disabled | 4.22 (3.15-5.65) | 2.98 (2.19-4.07) | 1.12 (0.75-1.68) |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; T1, time 1 (September 26, 2014, to August 25, 2016); T2, time 2 (October 23, 2019, to August 31, 2021).
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, military rank, service branch, and combat deployment history at T1.
Adjusted for variables in model 2, plus mental health (depression/PTSD), problem drinking, and physical health at T1.
Assessed using the PHQ-8.
Assessed using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5).
Endorsement of 1 or more items on the PHQ alcohol items.
Restricted to participants who reported being in a committed relationship at the time of survey completion.
Restricted to participants who reported having children at the time of survey completion.
Assessed using 6 items from the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.
When the pandemic interaction term (problematic anger × T2 survey date) was included in model 3, it was statistically significant (P = .03); once stratified by T2 survey date, the association between problematic anger and major social support was only significant among those completing the survey prepandemic (low social support, adjusted odds ratio: 1.87; 95% CI, 1.33-2.63; moderate social support: aOR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.54-2.55).
When the pandemic interaction term (problematic anger × T2 survey date) was included in model 3, it was statistically significant (P = .03); once stratified by T2 survey date, the association between problematic anger and major financial problems was only significant among those completing the survey during the pandemic (aOR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.64-7.76).
Substantial financial insecurity consisted of “tough to make ends meet” or “in over our heads.”