TABLE 1.

Important molecular pathways in OS

Pathway	Downstream mediators and targets	Biological output
Wnt/β catenin	β‐catenin, LEF1, C‐MYC, CCDN1, Runx2, TGFβ	Cell proliferation, differentiation
Wnt/PCP	Rho kinase, Rac1, NLK, JNK	Cytoskeletal organization, cell polarization, LEF1 suppression, Hippo kinase suppression
Wnt/Ca+2	PKC, NFAT, ezrin, Cdc42, PAK ½	Cell migration, filopodia/lamellipodia formation, cytoskeletal organization, LEF1 suppression
Hippo pathway	YAP/TAZ, Smad, p300, BRD4, NF‐kB	Histone acetylation, osteoclast activation
PI3K/Akt	IKK, NF‐kB	Osteoclast activation
TGFβ	TAK1, TGFβ receptors I and II, NLK, NF‐kB	Cytoskeletal organization, LEF1 suppression, osteoclast activation