Table 1.

A list of the representative CIVT sensors without aptamer.

Probe	Device/Nanomaterial	Linear Range	LOD	Detection time	Targeted analytes	Reference
Enzyme	Microneedle/Carbon paste	–	50 ​μM	380 ​min	Glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate	[59]
Enzyme	Microneedle/Ferrocenecored poly(amidoamine) dendrimers	1–9 ​mM	0.66 ​mM	–	Glucose	[60]
Enzyme	Fiber bundle/Carbon nanotube	2.5–7.0 ​mM	50 μ M	28 days	Glucose	[61]
No probe	Glassy carbon microelectrode arrays	10 ​nM–200 nM	10 ​nM	8 ​h	Serotonin and dopamine	[62]
No probe	Silicon based microelectrode arrays/Ti/Pt	50 ​nM-16.3 ​μM	50 ​nM	–	Dopamine	[63]