Table 4.
Associations between Tobacco Use and Lifetime Experience of Adverse Oral Conditions: PATH Study Wave 4.
| Oral Health Conditions: Lifetime Experience, AOR (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Tooth Extraction (n = 24,687) | Gum Bleeding (n = 24,990) | Loose Teeth (n = 24,967) | Bone Loss around Teeth a (n = 24,949) | Gum Disease a (n = 24,928) | Precancerous Oral Lesions a (n = 24,932) |
| Tobacco use status | ||||||
| Never tobacco user | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recent former tobacco user | 1.11 (0.87–1.43) | 1.26 (0.99–1.61) | 1.46 (1.03–2.05) | 1.21 (0.82–1.78) | 1.55 (1.15–2.10) | 1.00 (0.27–3.77) |
| Long-term former tobacco user | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | 1.55 (1.34–1.80) | 1.28 (1.06–1.55) | 1.29 (1.05–1.60) | 1.34 (1.12–1.60) | 1.74 (0.84–3.62) |
| Former experimental tobacco user | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 1.30 (1.09–1.56) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 0.44 (0.12–1.65) |
| Exclusive P30D use categories | ||||||
| Cigarette | 1.42 (1.23–1.64) | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 1.59 (1.31–1.93) | 1.39 (1.12–1.73) | 1.28 (1.06–1.53) | 1.41 (0.73–2.75) |
| E-cigarette (ENDS) | 1.30 (1.01–1.68) | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) | 1.32 (0.93–1.87) | 1.51 (1.10–2.07) | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) | 1.51 (0.54–4.22) |
| Cigars | 1.19 (0.88–1.61) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 1.06 (0.77–1.47) | 2.41 (0.62–9.38) |
| Smokeless tobacco | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 1.49 (1.12–1.97) | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 3.85 (1.73–8.57) |
| Hookah | 1.05 (0.64–1.72) | 1.15 (0.79–1.68) | 0.73 (0.40–1.35) | 1.41 (0.61–3.27) | 1.39 (0.76–2.56) | 2.20 (0.28–17.08) |
| Pipe | 1.00 (0.26–3.90) | 2.92 (1.30–6.54) | 1.00 (0.31–3.25) | 1.93 (0.39–9.68) | 1.45 (0.35–6.06) | 9.40 (0.57–153.95) |
| Multiple P30D use categories | ||||||
| Cigarette + ENDS | 1.81 (1.47–2.24) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 1.78 (1.37–2.30) | 1.50 (1.12–2.00) | 1.42 (1.12–1.80) | 2.14 (0.93–4.93) |
| Poly-combustible | 1.77 (1.49–2.10) | 1.04 (0.87–1.23) | 1.91 (1.47–2.48) | 1.78 (1.33–2.39) | 1.27 (1.02–1.58) | 2.21 (0.94–5.18) |
| Combustible + noncombustible | 1.61 (1.29–2.00) | 1.06 (0.88–1.26) | 1.79 (1.39–2.32) | 2.04 (1.54–2.69) | 1.76 (1.40–2.21) | 3.32 (1.69–6.51) |
| Other current | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 1.21 (0.86–1.69) | 0.69 (0.41–1.17) | 1.17 (0.69–1.99) | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | 0.99 (0.19–5.08) |
| Tobacco-related adjustment variables | ||||||
| Cigarette pack years (per each 5 pack years) | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.11 (1.03–1.06) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | 1.10 (1.07–1.12) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) |
| SHS exposure (per each 5 h/wk) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.04 (1.09–1.14) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
Adjusted odds ratios are weighted using the wave 4 cross-sectional weights for the wave 4 cohort. Ns are unweighted. In addition to the tobacco-related adjustment variables shown, models are adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, ever diabetes status, body mass index, high-frequency drinking, and past 30-d marijuana use. Bolded text indicates coefficients are statistically significant at the P < 0.05 level. Ns (denominator size) for each oral health outcome are less than the total sample shown in Table 3 due to missing data.
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery systems; NA, not applicable; P30D, past 30 d; PATH, Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health; SHS, secondhand smoke.
At wave 4, for continuing respondents, constructs were only asked of respondents who reported seeing a dentist within the past 12 mo. Those who reported not having seen a dentist in the past 12 mo and had previously reported never having the outcome were categorized as never.