FIGURE 5.

Phylogenetic relationships between Schistosoma mansoni populations. Multiple phylogenetic analyses and marker types were used to discern relationships between S. mansoni populations. (a) A median‐joining haplotype network was constructed from 815 variants across the mitochondria of all S. mansoni samples. (b) A coalescent‐based species tree from 100,819 parsimony‐informative single nucleotide variants with bootstrap values shown on each clade. Monophyletic populations are shown as a collapsed clade except in the case of East Africa which contains samples from Tanzania and Uganda. (c) A maximum‐likelihood phylogenetic network of autosomal variants identified a single, weak migration edge orientated from Brazil to Niger. All three analyses identify a relationship between Senegal, Niger and Brazil that excludes East African samples. The mitochondrial (a) and autosomal (c) networks both allow for direct relationship or allele sharing between Brazil and Niger. The species tree (b) indicates a strong relationship between Senegal and Niger that excludes Brazil (bootstrap percentage = 100)