Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Patients without diabetes (n = 2408) | Patients with diabetes (n = 2388) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 73.4 ± 8.5 | 72.0 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1301 (54.0) | 1178 (49.3) | 0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.06 | ||
| Asian | 291 (12.1) | 316 (13.2) | |
| Black | 41 (1.7) | 61 (2.6) | |
| Other | 88 (3.7) | 92 (3.9) | |
| White | 1988 (82.6) | 1919 (80.4) | |
| Region, n (%) | 0.003 | ||
| Asia‐Pacific/other | 364 (15.1) | 398 (16.7) | |
| Central Europe | 828 (34.4) | 887 (37.1) | |
| Latin America | 213 (8.8) | 157 (6.6) | |
| North America | 256 (10.6) | 303 (12.7) | |
| Western Europe | 747 (31.0) | 643 (26.9) | |
| NYHA class, n (%) | 0.05 | ||
| I | 58 (2.4) | 79 (3.3) | |
| II | 1910 (79.4) | 1796 (75.2) | |
| III | 430 (17.9) | 502 (21.0) | |
| IV | 9 (0.4) | 10 (0.4) | |
| HF duration, n (%) | 0.5 | ||
| 0–3 months | 411 (17.1) | 362 (15.2) | |
| 3–6 months | 328 (13.6) | 258 (10.8) | |
| 6–12 months | 318 (13.2) | 298 (12.5) | |
| 1–2 years | 339 (14.1) | 340 (14.3) | |
| 2–5 years | 464 (19.3) | 529 (22.2) | |
| >5 years | 543 (22.6) | 594 (24.9) | |
| Non‐ischaemic aetiology, n (%) | 1665 (69.1) | 1408 (58.9) | <0.001 |
| Prior HF hospitalization, n (%) | 1058 (43.9) | 1248 (52.3) | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 57.8 ± 7.9 | 57.2 ± 7.9 | 0.007 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.5 ± 15.4 | 131.7 ± 15.5 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 69.5 ± 12.2 | 71.4 ± 12.3 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.4 ± 5.0 | 31.1 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 (full range) | 63.0 ± 18.3 (21.9–147.3) | 62.2 ± 19.9 (20.3–166.8) | 0.2 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 1.07 ± 0.28 | 1.11 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP, without AF, pg/ml, median (IQR) | 603 (377–1034) | 596 (382–1075) | 0.9 |
| NT‐proBNP with AF, pg/ml, median (IQR) | 1601 (1166–2357) | 1577 (1174–2197) | 0.5 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 446 (18.5) | 637 (26.7) | <0.001 |
| Atrial flutter/fibrillation | 784 (32.6) | 768 (32.3) | 0.8 |
| Hypertension | 2275 (94.5) | 2309 (96.7) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 186 (7.8) | 167 (7.0) | 0.3 |
| Stroke | 236 (9.8) | 272 (11.4) | 0.08 |
| COPD | 320 (13.3) | 350 (14.7) | 0.4 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Diuretics | 2295 (95.3) | 2290 (95.9) | 0.3 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 2070 (86.0) | 2069 (86.6) | 0.5 |
| Beta‐blocker | 1860 (77.2) | 1961 (82.1) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 618 (25.7) | 621 (26.0) | 0.8 |
| Antiplatelets | 257 (10.7) | 378 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 1 (0.1) | 656 (27.5) | − |
| Oral hypoglycaemic agents | 6 (0.2) | 1476 (61.8) | − |
| GLP‐1 receptor agonist | 0 (0.0) | 20 (0.8) | − |
Plus–minus values are mean ± standard deviation.
ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; HF, heart failure; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; NT‐proBNP; N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
p‐values are reported for differences between patients with and those without diabetes.