Timeline showing milestones in the development and FDA approval of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 inhibitors (above)12–14,21,22. Also, FDA approval of various systemic and targeted therapies for the treatment of advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC, below) is shown3–5,8–10. TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.