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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 25.
Published in final edited form as: Phys Rep. 2021 Mar 24;921:1–53. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2021.03.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

(A) The nucleus is encapsulated by a nuclear envelope that comprises two lipid bilayers with an approximate overall thickness of 40 nm. NPCs perforate the nuclear envelope and mediate molecular transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (B-D) Electron microscopy images showing nucleoplasmic, and cytoplasmic sides of a nuclear envelope of a Xenopus frog perforated by NPCs. Note the eightfold symmetry of the structure (D) and the nuclear basket structure (B,C) Reproduced from [1], permission pending.