. 2022 Jun 22;14(6):e26194. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26194

Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.

Inj.: injection; IV: intravenous.

Source	Groups	Number of participants	Dose of drug	Surgical procedure
Anjum et al. (2019) [12]	D	30	Inj. dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg IV	Elective neurosurgical procedures
Anjum et al. (2019) [12]	F	30	Inj. fentanyl 2 µg/kg iv	Elective neurosurgical procedures
Arif et al. (2017) [13]	D	24	Inj. dexmedetomidine 0.75 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Arif et al. (2017) [13]	F	24	Inj. fentanyl 2 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Garg et al. (2020) [14]	D	50	Inj. dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Garg et al. (2020) [14]	F	50	Inj. fentanyl 2 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Gauchan et al. (2019) [15]	D	30	Inj. dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Gauchan et al. (2019) [15]	F	30	Inj. fentanyl 2 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Gunalan et al. (2015) [16]	D	30	Inj. dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Gunalan et al. (2015) [16]	F	30	Inj. fentanyl 2 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Mahiswar et al. (2022) [17]	D	50	Inj. dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Mahiswar et al. (2022) [17]	F	50	Inj. fentanyl 2 µg/kg IV	Elective surgical procedure
Mahjoubifard et al. (2020) [18]	D	30	Inj. dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg IV	Elective cardiac surgery
Mahjoubifard et al. (2020) [18]	F	30	Inj. fentanyl 2 µg/kg IV
Vaswani et al. (2017) [11]	L	30	1.5 mg/kg intravenous lidocaine
	D	30	Inj. dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg IV	Elective laparotomy
	F	30	Inj. fentanyl 0.5 µg/kg IV	Elective laparotomy