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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 22.
Published in final edited form as: FEBS J. 2020 Apr;287(7):1262–1283. doi: 10.1111/febs.15299

Figure 20.

Figure 20.

A gene encoding ProA* (E383A ProA), which has weak ArgC activity, amplifies to 6 copies in ΔargC proA* E. coli prior to a mutation that changes Phe372 to Leu. Subsequently, proA**, which encodes E383A F372L ProA, deamplifies to three copies. Reprinted from eLife 8:e53535, 2019: Mutations that improve efficiency of a weak-link enzyme are rare compared to adaptive mutations elsewhere in the genome. Morgenthaler AB, Kinney WR, Ebmeier CC, Walsh CM, Snyder DJ, Cooper VS, et al.