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. 2022 Jul 22;5:735. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03682-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Principal component analysis and b heat map of DEGs (Likelihood ratio test, FDR < 0.05) from ex vivo ILC2 from three separate groups of individuals: healthy individuals (HC, navy blue) (n = 3), Dengue Fever (DF, yellow) (n = 4) and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF, violet) (n = 4) in duplicates. DF and DHF groups are categorised using WHO SEARO classification. c Activation related gene expression of CD38, PTGDR2 (CRTH2), CD127(IL-7Rα), IL-2RA (CD25) of human blood-derived ILC2 of HC (n = 3), DF (n = 4) and DHF (n = 4), determined by RNA Sequencing and represented in RPKM values. Statistical analysis performed using adjusted p value from the DEG result. P * < 0.05, ** <0.01, *** <0.001, n.s. not significant. d Frequency of ILC2 in healthy individuals (HC) (n = 15), Dengue Fever (DF)(n = 29) and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) (n = 16). ILC2 were stained as lineage-, CD45+, CD3-, CRTH2+, CD127+ (Statistical significance was tested using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. P 0.05, n.s. not significant.). e Mapping figure from genome browser depicting matching genes of dengue genome to the raw RNA sequencing data from ILC2 in patients having Dengue fever (n = 2) and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (n = 1). Corresponding proteins for the base pair ranges were depicted. 6376~6756 bp: Non-Structural protein NS4A, 6757–6825 bp: protein 2K, 6826–7569 bp: Non-Structural protein NS4B, 7570~10269 bp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5. f For staining of dengue infection of ILC2, PBMC from HC (n = 9) and patients with acute dengue infection (n = 9) from Sri Lankan ethnicity were used. Cryopreserved PBMC samples were thawed and stained for ILC2 (Live/CD45+/lineage/CD3/CD56-/CRTH2+/IL7Rα+) and for intracellular dengue virus envelope (E) protein. Dengue infection was represented as percentage from total ILC2 (Statistical significance was tested using T-test. P * < 0.05, ** <0.01, *** <0.001). All error bars represent mean ± SD.