. 2022 Jul 22;12:12568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16241-z

Table 1.

The effect of selenium sources and flowering stages on some morphological characteristics of Echium amoenum.

Flowering time × (treatment) Se (mg L⁻¹)		Shoot length (cm)	Shoot fresh weight (g)	Shoot dry weight (g)	Root fresh weight (g)	Root dry weight (g)	Flower number	Petal alkaloid (mg/100 g DW)	Flower fresh weight (g)	Flower dry weight (g)
B.F	0 Con	37^mn	200^o	39^mn	151^mn	14^mn	106^no	3.13^eh	11^gh	3.06^gh
B.F	2 Ssit	41^lm	217lⁿ	42^lm	159^lm	15^lm	119^m	3.28^cg	18^cf	4.7^def
B.F	4 Ssit	45.66^k	236^lm	45^kl	161^klm	15.3^klm	121^lm	3.66^bc	20^cde	5.4^cde
B.F	8 Ssit	38^mn	227^mn	44^kl	175^j	16^j	111ⁿ	3.5^be	18^cf	4.81^cf
B.F	16 Ssit	30^o	194^o	37ⁿ	143ⁿ	13ⁿ	103^o	3.14^dh	9^h	2.46^h
B.F	2 Ssat	43.3^kl	245^l	47^k	166^jkl	15^jkl	111ⁿ	3.84^b	15^efg	4.09^efg
B.F	4 Ssat	58^j	269^k	52^j	174^j	16 ^j	126^l	4.23^a	16^efg	4.21^efg
B.F	8 Ssat	43^kl	248^l	48^k	198^hi	19^hi	109^no	3.57^bcd	17^def	4.4^efg
B.F	16 Ssat	34ⁿ	196^o	38ⁿ	147ⁿ	14ⁿ	104^o	3.36^cf	10^h	2.6^g
F.F	0 Con	64.66^ghi	529^j	103^ghi	175^j	16.6^j	176^fg	2.4^k	21^cde	5.4^cde
F.F	2 Ssit	69.16^fgh	542ⁱ	105^fgh	191ⁱ	18^j	189^e	2.83^gk	31^ab	8.11^ab
F.F	4 Ssit	64^ef	569^fg	109^fg	190ⁱ	18ⁱ	204^d	3.08^ei	32.7^ab	8.4^ab
F.F	8 Ssit	64^ghi	559^gh	108^ef	204^h	19^h	180^f	2.61^jk	30^b	7.7^b
F.F	16 Ssit	63.2^de	523^jk	100ⁱ	170^jk	16^jk	168^hi	2.73^hk	17^def	4.5^def
F.F	2 Ssat	70.66^hi	553^hi	108^ef	201^h	19^hi	227^c	2.86^gj	23^c	6.14^c
F.F	4 Ssat	77.33^ed	576^g	115^d	196^hi	18.6^hi	290^a	2.5^jk	35^a	9.18^afgh
F.F	8Ssat	74^ab	558^gh	107^efg	263^g	25^g	245^b	2.39^k	30^ab	7.9^ab
F.F	16 Ssat	61^bcd	528^j	102^hi	171^j	16ⁱ	161^c	2.82^gk	18^cf	4.84^cf
E.F	0 Ssit	63.33^ij	619^cde	120^c	590^f	56^f	150^j	2.66^ik	17^def	4.5^def
E.F	2 Ssit	68.33^efg	628^cd	121^c	611^e	58^e	160^k	2.9^gj	18^cf	4.74^cf
E.F	4 Ssit	72.33^dcde	631^c	123^c	625^d	60^d	170^j	2.91^gj	21^cde	5.44^cde
E.F	8 Ssit	65.66^fgh	630^c	121^c	667^c	63^c	162^gh	2.77^hk	20^cde	5.4^cde
E.F	16 Ssit	63.7^hi	608^e	119^c	585^f	55^f	144^ij	2.93^fj	16^efg	4.2^efg
E.F	2 Ssat	70.66^ed	673^b	130^b	675^c	64^c	181^f	2.71^hk	19^cf	5.11^cf
E.F	4 Ssat	80.66^a	701^a	137^a	705^b	67^b	241^b	3.1^ei	22^cd	5.88^cd
E.F	8 Ssat	76.33^bc	678^b	131^b	773^a	73^a	198^d	2.82^hk	18^cf	4.85^cf
E.F	16 Ssat	63^hi	615^de	119^c	585^f	55^f	146^k	2.77^hk	14^fgh	3.72^fgh

Flowering time × (treatment) Se (mg L⁻¹)		Se accumulation (petal) (g/kg DW)	Phenol (mg GAE/g DW)	Flavonoid (mg/QE/g DW)	Antioxidant activity (%)	Total sugar (mg/g DW)
B.F	0 Control	0.045^mn	10.53^mn	2.36^k	15^kl	1.71^fg
B.F	2 Ssit	0.049^lm	10.17^mn	2.35^k	15^kl	2.07^efg
B.F	4 Ssit	0.056^kl	11.02^lm	3.05^k	15^kl	3.73^cd
B.F	8 Ssit	0.072^eh	10.33^mn	2.36^k	15^kl	2.42^efg
B.F	16 Ssit	0.09^c	9.33ⁿ	2.1^6k	15^kl	1.5^g
B.F	2 Ssat	0.09^c	13.66^k	6.21^j	16^k	3.69^cd
B.F	4 Ssat	0.096^c	12.09^l	6.57^ij	21^hi	3.92^c
B.F	8 Ssat	0.114^b	23^c	15.04^c	36^c	7.38^a
B.F	16 Ssat	0.124^a	9.33ⁿ	2.23^k	13^l	1.6^fg
F.F	0 Con	0.034^k	15.4^ij	6.7^ij	20^hij	1.95^fg
F.F	2 Ssit	0.039^nop	15.1^1j	5.34^j	20^hij	2.29^efg
F.F	4 Ssit	0.042^mno	16^hij	6.03^j	21^hi	4.21^c
F.F	8 Ssit	0.066^fi	15.11^ij	7.64^j	21^ghi	3.03^de
F.F	16 Ssit	0.07^ef	12^l	5.94^hi	20^ij	1.66^fg
F.F	2 Ssat	0.06^gi	16^ghi	9.2^j	23^fgh	3.91^cd
F.F	4 Ssat	0.072^fi	11^gh	11.66^g	35^c	4.06^c
F.F	8Ssat	0.078^ef	27^b	18^b	43^b	7.6^a
F.F	16 Ssat	0.081^de	12.33^l	6^j	18^jk	1.93^fg
E.F	0 Ssit	0.023^d	20^ef	10.56^ef	27^de	2.3^efg
E.F	2 Ssit	0.033^q	20^f	8.32^gh	26^def	2.51^ef
E.F	4 Ssit	0.036^p	21^def	9.02^gh	27^d	4.4^c
E.F	8 Ssit	0.056^op	20^f	10.69^ef	26^def	4.46^c
E.F	16 Ssit	0.07^jkl	17^gh	8.92^gh	24^efg	2.27^efg
E.F	2 Ssat	0.06^fi	21^c	12.18^f	37^c	4.12^c
E.F	4 Ssat	0.064^hij	22^cde	17.66^b	37^c	5.45^b
E.F	8 Ssat	0.065^fi	32.38^a	21^a	52^a	7.82^a
E.F	16 Ssat	0.072^efg	17^g	9.66^fg	25^def	2.22^efg

^†Means within each column followed by the same letter are not different according to the Duncan test.

B.F Beginning of flowering, F.F Full flowering, E.F End of flowering, Ssit sodium selenite, Ssat sodium selenate.