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The response of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) dorsal skin colour to various degrees of simulated crowding stress in sea cages. The upper panel shows mosaics of example dorsal areas, with crowding exposure time increasing from top to bottom. The lower panel shows photographs of one fish from each treatment, with the approximate colour analysed thumbnail region annotated in red. Individuals were photographed in air throughout stressor exposure under standard lighting conditions
