Table 12.

Summary of histopathological findings in eight dogs with leptospirosis

Dog number	7 a	8	9	10	11	12	13	17
Multisystemic haemorrhage (variably affecting kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal, heart, subcutaneous)	−	+++	+++	+++	++	++	+	++
Tubulointerstitial nephritis (lymphoplasmacytic)	++	+	+	++	+	++	++	+
Tubular degeneration +/− necrosis	−	++	+++	+++	+++	+++	++	++
Renal tubular casts (protein, cellular)	++	+++	+++	+++	++	+++	++	+
Membranous glomerulonephritis	++	+	−	−	−	−	−	−
Renal tubular and lamina spirochete organisms (silver stain, Warthin‐Starry)	NP	++	−	+	+	NP	NP	−
Hepatocellular dissociation with Kupffer cell hypertrophy	−	+++	+++	+++	+++	++	X	+++
Cholangiohepatitis (lymphoplasmacytic)	−	++	+	+	++	+	X	−
Pulmonary oedema	X	+++	+++	+++	++	X	X	+++
Pancreatitis	X	++	+	−	++	X	X	X
Lymph node follicular hyperplasia	X	++	+++	++	+	X	X	X
Cystitis	X	−	+	X	+	X	X	X
Alzheimer type II astrogliosis	X	++	−	−	++	X	X	X

^a Examination was limited by severe freeze–thaw artefact.

‘+, ++, +++’ mild, moderate, marked, respectively; ‘−’ not detected. ‘NP’ not performed. ‘X’ respective tissue not examined.