Table 3.
Summary of results of associations between infection-related immunoglobulins with site-specific cancer risks. The strength of association is defined by the number of studies reporting on the association, the range of the hazard ratio/odds ratio/relative risks/standardized incidence ratio reported in each study, and the statistical significance.
| Exposure | Antigen/ Immunoglobulin | Outcome | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| EBV (IgG, IgM and IgA) |
VCA | Gastric cancer | Intermediate positive association |
| EBNA | No significant associations | ||
| ZEBRA | No significant associations | ||
| EA | No significant associations | ||
| EBNA | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Very strong positive association | |
| VCA | Very strong positive association | ||
| EA | Weak positive association | ||
| Gp350 | Weak positive association | ||
| VCA | Breast cancer | No significant association | |
| EBNA | No significant association | ||
| VCA | Lymphoma (all) | No significant association | |
| EBNA | No significant association | ||
| EA | No significant association | ||
| VCA | Ovarian cancer | Moderately positive association | |
| Hepatitis B virus | Anti-HBs (IgG and IgM) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Very strong positive association |
| Anti-HBc (IgM) | Strong positive association | ||
| Anti-HBc (IgG) | Strong positive association | ||
| Anti-HBs (IgG and IgM) | Pancreatic cancer | Strong positive association | |
| Anti-HBc (IgM) | Weak positive association | ||
| Anti-HBs (IgG and IgM) | Extrahepatic bile duct cancer | Weak positive association | |
| Anti-HBc (IgM) | Oropharyngeal | Weak positive association | |
| Hepatitis C virus (IgM) |
Anti-HCV | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Very strong positive association |
| Anti-HCV | Pancreatic cancer | No significant association | |
| Anti-HCV | Lymphoma (all) | No significant associations | |
| Anti-HCV | Renal | Weak positive association | |
| Anti-HCV | Cholangiocarcinoma | Weak positive association | |
| HPV (IgG) | 16 | Overall cancer | No significant association |
| 16 | Oesophageal cancer | No significant association | |
| 18 | No significant associations | ||
| 6 | Oropharyngeal cancer | Strong positive association | |
| 11 | No significant associations | ||
| 16 | No significant association | ||
| 18 | Weak positive association | ||
| 16 | Lung cancer | No significant associations | |
| 5 | Non-melanoma skin cancer | No significant associations | |
| 6 | No significant associations | ||
| 8 | No significant associations | ||
| 16 | Intermediate positive association | ||
| 18 | Intermediate positive association | ||
| 16 | Cervical cancer | Very strong positive association | |
| 18 | No significant association | ||
| 16 | Prostate cancer | No significant association | |
| 18 | No significant association | ||
| 33 | No significant association | ||
| 16 | Anogenital cancers (anus, vulvar, vaginal, penile) | Strong positive association | |
| 18 | Anogenital cancers (anus, vulvar, vaginal, penile) | Strong positive association | |
| C. Trachomatis (IgG) | Ovarian cancer | Strong positive association | |
| Cervical cancer | No significant associations | ||
| Prostate cancer | Low negative association | ||
| H. Pylori | IgG | Gastric cancer | Intermediate positive association |
| IgA | Strong positive association | ||
| CagA | Strong positive association | ||
| VacA | Low positive association | ||
| CagA | Pancreatic cancer | Low positive association | |
| CagA | Colorectal carcinoma | Intermediate positive association | |
| Anti-H. Pylori | Lymphoma | No significant association | |
| Herpes simplex virus 2 (IgG) | Prostate cancer | No significant associations | |
| Herpes simplex virus 1 | Oropharyngeal carcinoma | Weak positive association | |
| Cervical cancer | |||
| Human herpes virus -8 (Kaposi sarcoma) | Prostate cancer | No significant associations | |
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | No significant associations | ||
| Varicella zoster virus | Glioma | Weak negative association | |
| T. vaginalis | Prostate cancer | No significant associations | |
| CMV | Anti-CMV | Gastrointestinal cancer | No significant associations |
| Breast cancer | No significant associations | ||
| MCV | Anti-MCV | Merkel cell carcinoma | Weak positive association |
| Bladder cancer | Weak positive association | ||
| BKV | Bladder cancer | Weak positive association | |
| JCV | Bladder cancer | No significant association | |
| Colorectal cancer | No significant association | ||
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | Pancreatic cancer | Weak positive association | |
| Oropharyngeal cancer | Weak positive association | ||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | IgA | Lung cancer | Weak positive association |
| Polyomavirus | Anti-polyomavirus | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | No significant association |
| GBV | Anti-GBV | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | No significant association |
| Propionibacterium Acnes | Prostate cancer | Intermediate positive association |
VCA, viral capsid antigen; EA, early antigen; HBs, hepatitis B specific antigen; HBc, hepatitis B core antigen; \