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The roles of VD in oxidative stress and inflammatory response following TBI in rats. (a) Measurement of SOD, MDA, and GSH-PX activity in the hippocampal homogenate posttrauma. (b) The levels of proinflammation cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were quantified by the ELISA method. The data are represented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group, #P < 0.05 compared with the LPS group.
